Showing papers in "Marriage and Family Review in 2003"
TL;DR: A review of family patterns and lifestyles within Israeli society consisting of trends in marriage, divorce and fertility, dating, mate selection, marital relationships, and marital dissolution is provided in this article.
Abstract: This article provides a review of family patterns and lifestyles within Israeli society consisting of trends in marriage, divorce and fertility, dating, mate selection, marital relationships, and marital dissolution Additional topics consist of parenting and the place and role of children in families, elderly and their families, gender issues, division of labor, power in families, and the impact of stress on Israeli familiesMajor trends are presented and analyzed by adopting a hybrid comparative perspective: a vertical perspective, which examines changes in family patterns over the past five decades, and a horizontal perspective, which examines different family patterns among various socioethnic groups This analysis indicates that the family is being pulled in opposite directions by two main forces: one that prods the family toward greater modernization and Westernalization, while the other acts to strengthen traditional values Despite some convergence among different socioethnic groups, mark
299 citations
TL;DR: This article assessed the associations between interparental conflict (IPC), parenting, and individual functioning among data gathered from school-going adolescents in Bangladesh, China, India, Bosnia, Germany, Palestine, Colombia, United States and three ethnic groups within South Africa.
Abstract: This study assessed the associations between interparental conflict (IPC), parenting, and individual functioning among data gathered from school-going adolescents in Bangladesh, China, India, Bosnia, Germany, Palestine, Colombia, United States and three ethnic groups within South Africa. Specifically, we tested the validity of the spillover dynamic found in much research in the U.S., whereby marital conflict spills over into parenting and into the psychological and social functioning of children and adolescents. Previous analyses of these same data showed complete invariance in the linkages between parenting and adolescent functioning. This study thus provided a meaningful extension to the substantive literature on family processes. We followed recommendations within cross-cultural psychology to “transport and test” models validated in one culture to other cultures as an initial step in systematic comparative research. The findings revealed substantial invariance across the samples in documenting...
125 citations
TL;DR: This article examined the associations between the two key parenting dimensions of warmth and control on child outcomes in Chinese and Chinese immigrant families, and found that warmth is associated with positive child outcomes, but the effect of parental control on children's psychosocial outcomes is unclear.
Abstract: Parenting style is an important familial variable in the study of child development. Unlike research on white populations, results on how parenting style affects child outcomes are less conclusive in Chinese and Chinese immigrant families. This is largely due to problems associated with applying western typologies, such as Baumrind's prototypes, in research on Chinese families. Studies that use an orthogonal approach, in which different parenting dimensions are examined, yield more interpretable data. This article examines current research on the associations between the two key parenting dimensions of warmth and control on child outcomes in Chinese and Chinese immigrant families. Warmth is associated with positive child outcomes. However, the effect of parental control on child psychosocial outcomes is unclear. Qualitative differences in Chinese parenting call for more research that focuses on conceptualizing and operationalizing dimensions of Chinese parenting that are both culturally specific ...
123 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a focus group consisting of clergy and spouses was used to study boundary-related stressors affecting the quality of life for clergy and their families, including issues surrounding time, mobility, congregational fit, space, isolation, and intrusions.
Abstract: Clergy play an important role in our society by working with individuals, families, churches, and communities. Many clergy members and their families report experiencing high levels of stress due to their demanding responsibilities and hectic schedules. The present study aimed to gain a more in-depth understanding of boundary-related stress and coping resources of clergy and their families. Data were collected through focus groups consisting of clergy and clergy spouses. Results revealed a number of boundary-related stressors affecting the quality of life for clergy and their families. Boundary-related stressors were found to include issues surrounding time, mobility, congregational fit, space, isolation, and intrusions. In order to cope with these boundary-related stressors, clergy and their families reported that they used a variety of coping methods to buffer the impact of boundary intrusions.
64 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examined the relationship between the perception of parenting behaviors (positive induction, monitoring, autonomy granting, punitiveness, and permissiveness) on adolescent achievement orientation and self-efficacy among samples of Chilean and Ecuadorian adolescents.
Abstract: The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between the perception of parenting behaviors (positive induction, monitoring, autonomy granting, punitiveness, and permissiveness) on adolescent achievement orientation and self-efficacy among samples of Chilean and Ecuadorian adolescents. Hierarchical regression analyses indicated that parental positive induction significantly predicted a greater achievement orientation for Ecuadorian youth. Achievement orientation and self-efficacy was positively predicted by the perception of Chilean mothers’ and fathers’ monitoring of behaviors. By contrast, a perception of greater parental punitiveness by Chilean youth negatively predicted self-efficacy and achievement orientation. Similarly, parental punitiveness and permissiveness negatively predicted self-efficacy among Ecuadorian youth. This study yields important insights into the diversity of Latin American culture and parenting behaviors that foster greater adolescent competency.
55 citations
TL;DR: This article examined the predictive strength of mother/father-adolescent relations (closeness, support, and monitoring) and of low self-control for a variety of adolescent problem behaviors in samples from Hungary, the Netherlands, Switzerland, and the United States.
Abstract: The current investigation examined the predictive strength of mother/father-adolescent relations (closeness, support, and monitoring) and of low self-control for a variety of adolescent problem behaviors in samples from Hungary, the Netherlands, Switzerland, and the United States. Based on data from over N = 6,900 middle and late adolescents, findings indicated the following: (1) each family process dimension was predictive of adolescent problem behaviors in all national contexts. And, despite some overlap between maternal and paternal measures of parent-adolescent relations, each measure had unique and additive explanatory power in adolescent problem behaviors; (2) family processes were predictive of all types of problem behaviors ranging from trivial school misconduct to more serious behaviors such as assault; (3) pairwise comparisons of partial regression coefficients of individual family process dimensions predicting problem behaviors indicated that they were largely identical cross-nationally; (4) final prediction models accounted for between 30% (Swiss youth) and 37% (American and Dutch youth) of the variance in problem behaviors. These findings provide further support for the idea of universal developmental processes
50 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the NELS data set from the 1988-1992 period was used to assess the effects of student religious commitment among twelfth graders who lived in a non-intact family on their academic achievement.
Abstract: Using the NELS data set from the 1988-1992 period, this study assessed the effects of student religious commitment among twelfth graders who lived in a non-intact family on their academic achievement. This study first focused upon the effects of religiosity on all the students living in non-intact families in the sample and then specifically addressed the effects of religiosity on Black and Hispanic children living in non-intact families. The results indicate that students with a high level of religiosity did better than less religious students on most measures of academic achievement, even when controlling for SES and gender. These results held for all students living in non-intact families, as well as for Black and Hispanic children living in non-intact families. These results suggest that religiosity may help many children from single-parent families to do well in school
44 citations
TL;DR: The PARTheory as discussed by the authors is a theory of socialization that seeks to predict and explain major causes, consequences, and other correlates of parental acceptance-rejection worldwide, searching for verifiable universals in parent-child relations insofar as these universals relate to issues surrounding perceived parental acceptance or rejection.
Abstract: Parental acceptance-rejection theory (PARTheory) is a theory of socialization that seeks to predict and explain major causes, consequences, and other correlates of parental acceptance-rejection worldwide. In effect, the theory searches for verifiable universals in parent-child relations insofar as these universals relate to issues surrounding perceived parental acceptance-rejection. In this article, we focus on four major issues within the theory. First, we review the common meaning-structure used by children cross-nationally to assess the extent to which they are accepted or rejected by their parents. Second, we describe the apparently universal psychological outcome of experiencing specific degrees of parental acceptance or rejection. Third, we review sociocultural factors that tend to be associated cross-nationally with variations in parental acceptance-rejection. Finally, we review other sociocultural factors, especially expressive correlates such as a people's institutionalized religious bel...
43 citations
TL;DR: The authors used stepfamily quantitative genetic design to estimate genetic and environmental sources of variance in children's behavior problems and prosocial behaviors, as well as negativity in their relationships with their mothers and mothers' partners.
Abstract: SUMMARY Studying children in different types of families-intact, single-mother, and stepparent families-affords opportunities for testing models of gene-environment processes, based on estimates of sibling similarity among full-siblings and half-siblings. We used a stepfamily quantitative genetic design to estimate genetic and environmental sources of variance in children's behavior problems and prosocial behaviors, as well as negativity in their relationships with their mothers and mothers' partners. Participants included full- and half-sibling pairs (same- and opposite-sex) from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children. Mothers reported on their children's behavior problems and prosocial behaviors, as well as negativity in their parent-child relationships, for a target child (4 years old) and oneolder sibling (M =6.31 years). There was additive genetic variance in child behavior problems and partner-child negativity, and shared environmental variance in mother-child and partner-child negativi...
37 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, sibling cooperation and conflict were linearly related to the level of temperamental difficulty expressed in the twin dyad and genetic influences largely accounted for the association between temperament and the sibling relationship.
Abstract: SUMMARY With a sample of 524 pairs of three to eight year old twins recruited from a population registry, sibling cooperation and conflict were linearly related to the level of temperamental difficulty expressed in the twin dyad. Heritability accounted for 75% of the variance in Difficult Temperament, 0% of the variance in Instigating Cooperation, and 41% of the variance in Instigating Conflict. The shared environment, on the other hand, accounted for 0% of the variance in Difficult Temperament, 61% of the variance in Instigating Cooperation, and 28% of the variance in Instigating Conflict. Genetic influences largely accounted for the association between temperament and the sibling relationship. Using identical twin difference scores, Sibling Cooperation was one aspect of the nonshared environmental influence on temperament. Parental Positivity and Parental Negativity predicted the sibling relationship above and beyond temperament. Thus, the behavior genetic design elucidated the etiological distinctions ...
34 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the pace and nature of change across generations is restrained or mediated by culture or ethnicity and by level of formal education and other factors, and it is expected that parents with different ethnic backgrounds, and different levels of education, differ significantly in their parenting styles.
Abstract: Despite the hopes for an enlightened 21st century expressed by some scholars and observers, and despite the undeniable technological progress of humankind, culture or ethnic divide will not go away in the foreseeable future. Although each generation of parents tends to differ from the preceding generation in its approach to parenting, the pace and nature of change across generations is restrained or mediated by culture or ethnicity and by level of formal education and other factors. More specifically, within the context of continued social change and change within the family as a group of interactive individuals, it is expected that parents with (a) different ethnic backgrounds, and (b) different levels of formal education, differ significantly in their parenting styles.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors explore the impact of variables related to the timing and sequencing of family and business development on the types of adjustment strategies that business and family managers use during hectic times.
Abstract: The purpose of this study is to explore the impact of variables related to the timing and sequencing of family and business development on the types of adjustment strategies that business and family managers use during hectic times. The purpose is accomplished through the analysis of a national sample of business-owning families in which the family manager had at least one child living in the household. Findings indicate that the stage of the business life cycle has a significant impact on reallocating family resources as an adjustment strategy. Additionally, family variables are most influential in the adjustment strategy of reallocating business resources. The findings underscore the importance of using variables from both the business and the family realms in attempting to understand the dynamics associated with family-owned businesses
TL;DR: In a recent review as mentioned in this paper, the authors examined the mechanisms that may be involved in mother-child relationships and found that the best way to understand how genetic factors can influences family relationships is through genotype-environment correlation.
Abstract: SUMMARY There have been an increasing number of studies that have examined genetic influences on measures of family relationships, which have typically been conceptualized as environmental. These measures include parenting, sibling relationships, marital relationships and divorce. The current review discusses these findings and presents newly emerging results that suggest the mechanisms that may be involved, at least in mother-child relationships. The best way to understand how genetic factors can influences “environmental” measures is through genotype-environment correlation. The different types of genotype-environment correlation that are likely to be operating in each type of relationship are described and the implications of these findings are discussed. Finally, new studies that are currently underway are described including a longitudinal study of family relationships that is currently collecting DNA in an effort to better disentangle genotype-environment correlations and interactions.
TL;DR: In this article, a review focusing on conceptualizations of nonshared environment and on four areas of research that should be targeted for future growth is presented. And the importance of extrafamilial experiences is discussed.
Abstract: SUMMARY This review focuses on conceptualizations of nonshared environment and on four areas of research that should be targeted for future growth. It is argued that there are at least two different approaches to the study of nonshared environment. “Experience-oriented” researchers center on sibling differential experiences in the family and their role in children's development. “Outcome-oriented” investigators focus on the search for environmental origins of individual differences in outcomes. Turkheimer and Waldron's (2000) concept of objective versus effective nonshared environment and Reiss and colleagues' (2000) notion of single-system versus multi-system nonshared environment processes are also discussed. Four topics for future research are outlined: (1) age-related changes and development; (2) the role of the self; (3) the role of context; and (4) the importance of extrafamilial experiences. More work in these areas will lead to useful theories of how nonshared environment processes are linked to s...
TL;DR: In this article, the benefits of a cultural and cross-cultural perspective on parent-child socialization are examined, with particular attention devoted to diminishing ethnocentric viewpoints and building more comprehensive theories of parent-youth socialization.
Abstract: The primary topic addressed in this paper is 'how cultures and parent-youth relationships are interdependent.' An initial objective is to describe what is meant by a cultural and cross-cultural perspective on parent-youth relationships. Subsequently, the nature and connections between the concepts 'socialization' and 'culture' are explored as they apply to parent-youth relations. Finally, the benefits of a cultural and cross-cultural perspective are examined, with particular attention devoted to diminishing ethnocentric viewpoints and building more comprehensive theories of parent-youth socialization.
TL;DR: This paper examined the experience of single fatherhood and the communication practices between single fathers and their children and found that single fathers clearly disclosed love for their child and a valuation of their relationship with their child, and expressed exasperation and dissatisfaction with the court system and negative perceptions of single fathers by society.
Abstract: Relying on single fathers' accounts, this study examined the experience of single fatherhood and the communication practices between single fathers and their child. Single fathers also answered closed-ended questions. Results offer insight into the challenges and joys that single fathers experience. Single fathers clearly disclosed love for their child and a valuation of their relationship with their child, and expressed exasperation and dissatisfaction with the court system and negative perceptions of single fathers by society. More detailed information and discussion follow
TL;DR: It is concluded that human beings are capable of healing from horrendous emotional wounds and the journey to health is a long and difficult one, and the early negative experiences appear to be woven into the individual's very soul, perhaps for as long as the person is alive.
Abstract: After studying more than 2,500 pages of written testimony from 90 individuals describing how they believe they have survived and transcended a traumatic childhood, the researchers conclude that human beings are capable of healing from horrendous emotional wounds. However, the journey to health is a long and difficult one, and the early negative experiences appear to be woven into the individual's very soul, perhaps for as long as the person is alive. As children and
TL;DR: The authors examines the most prominent studies assessing the consequences of divorce and examines the strengths, competencies, and unique experiences of individuals and families affected by divorce, and suggests that multiple contexts may exist as viable and legitimate environments for raising children.
Abstract: This literature review examines the most prominent studies assessing the consequences of divorce. Research from the modernist tradition is critiqued for its deficit view of single-parent families created by divorce, androcentric bias, and methodological flaws. The development of alternative research perspectives is proposed by postmodern researchers who suggest that multiple contexts may exist as viable and legitimate environments in which to raise children. Examining the effects of divorce from a postmodern perspective shifts the focus away from looking exclusively at the negative consequences of divorce. In contrast, the strengths, competencies, and unique experiences of individuals and families affected by divorce are explored.
TL;DR: In this paper, it is suggested that the prior presence of a residential and biological father inhibits violent behavior in their sons who have grown to adulthood, and that father absence was a strong predictor of young men's violent behavior.
Abstract: Although violent crime is typically viewed as a public safety problem, the sequelae of violent crime can also be viewed as a public health problem, with at least part of its roots aligned with the family. Murder, rape, and assault result in substantial societal costs as well as individual costs. It is suggested here that the prior presence of a residential and biological father inhibits violent behavior in their sons who have grown to adulthood. Data analyzed across the U.S. indicate that father absence, rather than poverty, was a strong predictor of young men's violent behavior. Predictions of violent crime rates based on the level of out-of-wedlock births from the prior generation were superior to predictions that were based on adult violent crime rates and levels of out-of-wedlock births from the same time frame. A consonant pattern was found in cross-national surveys. Accordingly, public health policies which are designed to prevent or to reduce the numbers of violent sons and the incidence o...
TL;DR: This paper examined two possible processes of friends' similarity: selection/influence and social homogamy for two phenotypes, delinquency and verbal intelligence (VIQ), using the full siblings and their friends in the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health).
Abstract: SUMMARY Using the full siblings and their friends in the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health), we examined two possible processes of friends' similarity: selection/influence and social homogamy For two phenotypes, delinquency and verbal intelligence (VIQ), self-reports of siblings and their friends were linked by a computer algorithm Structural equation models were then applied to a 4 X 4 covariance matrix (siblings 1 and 2, friends of sibling 1, friends of sibling 2) for each phenotype separately The best-fit model of delinquency included only a selection/influence process and no social homogamy process In contrast, the best-fit model of VIQ supported a social homogamy process Friends' resemblance in delinquency rates can be attributed to selection and/or influence However, friends' intellectual resemblance may be due to friends' placements in ability tracks in schools and in other social contexts instead of being a result of a preference for a particular VIQ level
TL;DR: This article investigated the relationship between parent-child relationship quality and teacher-reported peer relationship quality in a sample of biological and adoptive families in the Colorado Adoption Project (CAP; n = 423 children).
Abstract: SUMMARY The links between parent-reported parent-child relationship quality and teacher-reported peer relationship quality were investigated in a sample of biological and adoptive families in the Colorado Adoption Project (CAP; n = 423 children). Data were analyzed using a multilevel model approach. Results indicated that teacher-rated popularity, but not peer problems, was significantly influenced by genetic factors. Longitudinal analyses indicated that parental report of warmth/ support and child-reported family expressiveness at age 10 years both predicted teacher-rated popularity at age 12 after age 10 popularity was statistically controlled. Also, parental negative control at age 10 years predicted a positive change in peer problems at age 12 years. The effect of parent-child relationship quality on the change in peer relationship quality was obtained in both biological and adoptive families. Finally, evidence of reciprocal influence over time was found for parental negative control and peer problems.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors integrate the approaches used by behavior geneticists and environmental researchers to further understand the etiology of children's externalizing behavior, using data from parent reports, self-reports, teacher reports, public records, and observation.
Abstract: SUMMARY In the last decade, numerous collaborations between developmentalists and behavior geneticists have extended developmental theories to genetically informative samples. This study integrates the approaches used by behavior geneticists and environmental researchers to further our understanding of the etiology of children's externalizing behavior. First, genetic and environmental influences on externalizing behavior are reviewed and studies using data from parent reports, self-reports, teacher reports, public records, and observation are described. Second, observational data from a middle-childhood twin sample are presented. Results suggest significant dominant genetic effects on observed twin negative behavior during a friend interaction (N= 148 twin pairs). In addition, nonshared environmental effects were substantial; when controlling for the coparticipant's behavior, nonshared environment was the sole source of variation. Context and method effects are discussed.
TL;DR: This article used structured observational methods in examining parenting behaviors and styles in parent-child interactions in problem-solving situations, and identified four parenting style typologies: authoritative, authoritarian, disengaged, and task-oriented.
Abstract: This study contributes to the debate on applying parenting style typologies to the Chinese population by using structured observational methods in examining parenting behaviors and styles in parent-child interactions in problem-solving situations. Participants were 81 parent-child dyads in Hong Kong. The four parenting groups identified through cluster analysis were authoritative, authoritarian, disengaged, and task-oriented. This clustering was compared internally on parenting attributes and child's school-related outcomes, as well as externally with the Parent Behavior Report typology assessed through the child-report method. Discussion was based on the conceptual and theoretical implications of this new clustering using observational methods.
TL;DR: The Northeast-Northwest Collaborative Adoption Project (N2CAP) as mentioned in this paper is an ongoing adoption study that examines the role of parenting environments and parent-child relationships in the development of cognitive, reading and social-emotional outcomes in childhood.
Abstract: SUMMARY One of the exciting new directions in family research is the examination of shared and nonshared environmental processes underlying the learning of cognitive, literacy, and social-behavioral skills. The adoption design is a powerful method for testing theories regarding environmental mechanisms. In this paper, we describe the Northeast-Northwest Collaborative Adoption Project (N2CAP), an ongoing adoption study in which we are examining the role of parenting environments generally, and parent-child relationships more specifically, in the development of cognitive, reading and social-emotional outcomes in childhood. The goal of this study is to identify environmental influences that impact children's cognitive and social-emotional development using a genetically sensitive design, and to further the development of models of genotype-environment processes.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors describe a set of studies that demonstrate how genetically sensitive designs may be used to examine family/peer processes and outcomes, and also why such studies are important to theories of social development.
Abstract: Over the past 20 years, it has become widely accepted that both genes and environments are important when examining outcome variables such as temperament, behavior problems, and cognitive ability (Plomin, DeFries, McClearn, & McGuffin, 2000). However, the implications of these well-replicated findings have not been fully integrated into theories examining dyadic and triadic processes within families or within peer groups. If we assume that differences in the way people behave are influenced, in part, by genetic factors, we should also assume that genetic influences may affect the relationships among family and peer members. The purpose of this volume is to describe a set of studies that demonstrate not only how genetically sensitive designs may be used to examine family/peer processes and outcomes, but also why such studies are important to theories of social development. The purpose of this introduction is to describe the logic behind the various methods employed by the authors and to introduce the manuscripts that compose the collection. More detailed discussions of the statistical procedures by which these methods are
TL;DR: In this paper, a qualitative study of 36 nonresidential parents living 50 or more miles from their children reveals the challenges and strengths of parenting in this unique situation from the parents' perspective.
Abstract: Parenting after divorce is challenging under the best of circumstances. The situation is even more difficult for the nonresidential parent who lives apart from the child and can be compounded when the nonresidential parent and child live long distances from one another. This qualitative study of 36 nonresidential parents living 50 or more miles from their children reveals the challenges and strengths of parenting in this unique situation from the parents' perspective. The experiences of these parents provide parent educators, counselors, and others with information on how they can better assist families of divorce.
TL;DR: In this article, a genetic extension of the basic Social Relations Model (SRM) was used to identify the processes by which genetic factors influence familial exchanges, and the importance of nonshared environmental contributions for both individual and dyadic level effects.
Abstract: SUMMARY This review focuses on the Social Relations Model (SRM) and a genetic extension of this model as one approach for identifying the processes by which genetic factors influence familial exchanges (Kenny & La Voie, 1984). The basic SRM and its ability to decompose dyadic measures of family interaction into actor, partner and dyadic relationship effects is described followed by findings from 3 recent studies. Results indicate that much of familial interaction is in fact relationship specific, and not due to individual-level effects. We also discuss why and how the basic SRM is enriched through the incorporation of genetically sensitive designs and present results that suggest the importance of nonshared environmental contributions for both individual and dyadic level effects. Finally, directions for future family research are proposed including the use of genetically informative designs, the collection of round-robin robin data, and the incorporation of more diverse samples.
TL;DR: In this article, the demographic characteristics of couple formation are explored in a nationally representative sample of women in Ecuador and significant differences were identified within the sample and discussed, with noted exceptions being associated regional variation and demographic characteristics.
Abstract: Exploratory studies of mate selection practices and preferences are reported. In the first study, the demographic characteristics of couple formation are explored in a nationally representative sample of women in Ecuador. Results indicate significant differences by region. In the second study, a social exchange perspective is utilized to explore qualities believed to be important in selecting a marriage partner among a sample of persons from Guayaquil, Ecuador. In 2001, 121 adults responded to forty-six items identified in the social exchange literature as traits important to mate selection preferences. Results indicate that the large majority of respondents marry for love and within their social class. Significant differences were identified within the sample and are discussed. Overall, mate selection preferences in Latin America appear to be very similar to those in the United States, with noted exceptions being associated regional variation and demographic characteristics.
TL;DR: This paper used Baron and Kenny's mediated moderation model to explore a potential mediator-parenting behaviors-of an interaction between biological risk and adoptive parent psychopathology which has been shown to significantly predict adolescent problem behaviors in a sample of adult adoptees (Mage = 25; n = 133).
Abstract: SUMMARY The present study used Baron and Kenny's (1986) mediated moderation model to explore a potential mediator-parenting behaviors-of an interaction between biological risk and adoptive parent psychopathology which has been shown to significantly predict adolescent problem behaviors in a sample of adult adoptees (Mage = 25; n = 133). The outcomes of interest were retrospective reports on adoptee adolescent nonaggressive conduct disordered behaviors and aggressive/oppositional behaviors. Predictors were biological risk in the birth parents of the adoptees, psychopathology in the adoptive parents, and retrospectively reported parenting behaviors of the adoptive parents. The mediated moderation model was not supported due to the nonsignificance of the biological risk X adoptive parent psychopathology interaction term. However, support for an independence model was supported in that biological risk interacted with maternal warmth and overprotection to predict adolescent adoptee behavior. Greater maternal w...