Showing papers in "Nigerian Journal of Animal Production in 2020"
TL;DR: The study revealed that the forages consumed by ruminants in South-Western Nigeria are rich in crude protein as well as micro and macro minerals and rich in highly fermentable carbohydrates which affirm them as ruminant feed resource.
Abstract: Studies were conducted to evaluate the nutritive value of eight selected forages ( Tridax procumbens, Merremia aegyptia, Aspilia africana, Tithonia diversifolia, Alchornea cordifolia, Alchornea laxiflora, Synedrella nodiflora , and Newbouldia laevis ) consumed by ruminants in South-Western Nigeria. Chemical composition and qualitative analysis of saponins, phenol and steroids of the plants were determined. In vitro gas production (IVGP) was carried out for 72 hours on the plants. Metabolizable energy (ME), Organic matter digestibility (OMD) and Short chain fatty acids (SCFA) were predicted and methane (CH 4 ) was measured. Five of the plants were subjected to acceptability study using cafeteria method. The result of the chemical composition revealed that M. aegyptia had the highest value of CP (22.09 %) while Tridax procumbens had the lowest (10.50 %). A. africana had the highest content of Calcium, Phosphorus and Zinc with values of 3.10 %, 0.93 % and 39 ppm respectively. The analysis of secondary metabolites showed that A . africana , T . diversifolia and S. nodiflora were high in saponin while A. cordifolia, A. laxiflora, T. diversifolia and A. africana were implicated for condensed Tannin. N. laevis recorded a high level of steroids. Results showed significant variations in the values of IVGP, ME, OMD, SCFA and CH 4 obtained for the plants. The order of preference of the plants by the calves were M. aegyptia>A. cordifolia > N. laevis > A. laxiflora> T. diversifolia . The study revealed that the forages are rich in crude protein as well as micro and macro minerals. They are also rich in highly fermentable carbohydrates which affirm them as ruminant feed resource. Keywords : Acceptability, chemical composition, in vitro gas production, forages , south-western Nigeria
10 citations
TL;DR: It was concluded that eggsranging between 10.1 to 12 grams will produce higher hatch weight, however, setting of Japanese quail eggs ranging between 8 to 12 gram irrespective of oviposition time could not affect post-hatch performance of the chicks.
Abstract: A total of three hundred (300) Japanese quail eggs were used to study the effect of oviposition time and egg weight on hatchability and post-hatch performance. The eggs were grouped into two (2) of 150 eggs based on the oviposition time of Morning and Afternoon. The eggs in each group (150) were further sub-grouped based on the egg weights of 8 to10 grams designated as small sized and 10.1 to 12 grams designated as big size in a 2 x 2 factorial design trial of 4 treatments. Each treatment had seventy five (75) eggs each with three replicates. The four treatments groups were; Big Morning, Small Morning, Big Afternoon, Small Afternoon. Each treatment group was replicated three times with each replicates consisting of twenty-five (25) eggs. Hatchability parameters were determined during incubation period of 18 days. The quail chicks were fed ad-libitum and the post- hatch performance was studied for eight (8) weeks. The data generated were subjected to a one-way analysis of variance. Oviposition time and size of the egg significantly (p 0.05) influence. Oviposition time had a positive correlation (p<0.05) with egg weight, egg weight loss, percent egg weight loss and fertility percentage but negatively correlated with average hatch weight and hatchability percentage. Meanwhile egg size had a positive significant (p<0.01) correlation with average hatch weight. It was concluded that eggs ranging between 10.1 to 12 grams will produce higher hatch weight. However, setting of Japanese quail eggs ranging between 8 to 12 grams irrespective of oviposition time could not affect post-hatch performance of the chicks. Keywords : egg weight, oviposition time, hatchability Japanese quail
10 citations
TL;DR: Recommendations for control of Dermatophilosis in Nigeria on short term include ecto-parasite control by regular use of insecticide/acaricide in dips with added 0.03% copper sulphate or 1% solution of alum (potassium aluminium sulphate) spray and gradual genetic upgrading of susceptible breeds with fairly resistant ones such as N’dama, Muturu and Keteku.
Abstract: Dermatophilosis is an economically important disease prevalent in Nigeria. It is a skin disease that affects mainly cattle, sheep and horses, but also goats, dogs and cats, many wild mammals, reptiles and, occasionally, humans. The disease is caused by the bacterium Dermatophilus congolensis , which is a member of the order Actinomycetales with a great potential for causing severe economic losses in cattle. In recent time, there have been cases of ineffective treatment to this disease in Nigeria. The various control strategies for Dermatophilosis are discussed in this paper. Recommendations for control of Dermatophilosis in Nigeria on short term include ecto-parasite control by regular use of insecticide/acaricide in dips with added 0.03% copper sulphate or 1% solution of alum (potassium aluminium sulphate) spray. Infected animals should be isolated and treated with effective antibiotics or culled, while use of barb wire in the construction of cattle paddocks should be discouraged. Adequate nutrition should be provided for the animals all year round. Long term measures include gradual genetic upgrading of susceptible breeds with fairly resistant ones such as N’dama, Muturu and Keteku. Keywords : Dermatophilosis, Cattle, Control, Nigeria
8 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigated the current state of sheep and goat farming amongst households in Imo State south eastern Nigeria and revealed significant decline in sheep and goats farming amongst the households across four generations within the households interviewed.
Abstract: Since prehistoric times, sheep and goat farming has been an integral part of the farming system of the people of South east Nigeria. This study investigated the current state of sheep and goat farming amongst households in Imo State south eastern Nigeria. A total of one hundred and fifty (150) structured questionnaires were distributed to farmers randomly selected from three Local Government Areas (LGAs) in Imo state namely, Oru West, Ahiazu Mbaise and Ezinihitte Mbaise to determine the socio-economic characteristics, production systems, breeding and reproduction, constraints and strategies for economic improvement in a focus group interview. Only 89 farmers were available for interview. The results revealed significant decline in sheep and goat farming amongst the households across four generations within the households interviewed. Lack of interest due to poor policy framework, low productivity of existing breeds, difficulty in feed supply and high cost of breeding stock was identified as constraints of sheep and goat production in thiese areas. It was also observed that older people were more directly involved in sheep and goat farming than youths. 59.6% of the farmers were females, and 31-50% of the farmers were between the ages of 31 and 50 years. Farming was the most common occupation amongst the households while trading was the next. Results also showed that 76.4% of the communities had history of sheep and goat keeping whereas 73% of the total families interviewed had a history of sheep and goat keeping. It was also observed that 33.7% of households were involved in poultry enterprise and 25.3% involved in fish farming. Only 4.8% engaged in sheep and goat farming. Results obtained also revealed that 48.3% of the identified sheep and goat farmers kept breeds of sheep and goat from northern Nigeria while 40.4% maintained the west African dwarf breed. 34% of respondents believed that access to grants and credit facilities, 25 % believed provision of land in urban areas, while 21% believed improvement in small ruminant feed technology, would improve production. Lambing and kidding was mostly twice a year (48.3%). Breeding was mostly observed to be uncontrolled (51.7%). Also, the results showed that, 59.6% of the farmers were willing to pay for veterinary services. The most important diseases within these areas were worms, ecto-parasites and peste des petits ruminants (PPR). It can be inferred from the study that farmers within the region appear to pay greater emphasis on poultry production and fish farming to the detriment of smallholder sheep and goat farming which could be attributed to poor knowledge of sheep and goat farming technologies resulting to low productivity.
7 citations
TL;DR: The results show that the investigated plants seem to have good nutrient composition as well as low level of anti-nutritional factors and therefore can best be incorporated into ruminant feeding systems.
Abstract: A study was carried out to investigate the nutrient composition as well as anti-nutritional constituents of some tree plants ( Ficus sur , Bridelia macarrantii , Gmelina arborea and Albizia saman ) and forage grass ( Penisetum purpureum ) in south- western Nigeria. Results indicated significant (P<0.05) variability in values of percentage crude protein (9.71 - 23.67%) where Penisetum purpureum recorded the least value and highest value observed in Ficus sur . Dry matter (DM), Crude fiber (CF), Organic matter (OM) and Ash contents varied significantly (p<0.05) from (23.52-46.23%, 8.45 - 30.22%, 64.01 - 96.95% and 2.66 – 8.44%) respectively. Albizia saman recorded significantly (p<0.05) higher ADF value (35.39%) with intermediate value (4.14%) of NDF. Penisetum purpureum had most ADL value (17.19%) while the least value was recorded in Gmelina arborea . Hemicellulose value ranged between (4.45 - 22.23%) with least value recorded by Ficus sur and highest by Penisetum purpureum plants. The concentrations of anti-nutritional factor was generally low, tannin content significantly (p<0.05) ranged from (0.75 - 3.56%) in Ficus sur and Albizia saman respectively. Penisetum purpureum had the least phytate (0.94 %) while Bridelia macarrantii recorded the most phytate value (2.65%). Saponin, Alkaloid and Oxalate level ranged from (0.10 - 1.51%, 0.36 - 1.58% and 0.34- 1.41%) respectively. The results show that the investigated plants seem to have good nutrient composition as well as low level of anti-nutritional factors and therefore can best be incorporated into ruminant feeding systems. Key words : Nutrient composition; Anti-nutritional constituents; tree plants; forage grass
7 citations
TL;DR: This study clearly indicated that both housing systems support rabbit production without any negative influence on the immune status of the rabbit.
Abstract: A total of ninety-six (96) weaner rabbits (Chinchilla and New Zealand White crossbred) were used for this study and were divided into forty-eight (48) per generation. These fortyeight weaner rabbits were further divided into three replicates of four males (12) and four females each (12) housed in cage (24) and deep litter system (24).This experiment was carried out for two generations to determine the effect of generation interval, housing systems and sex on the haematological and serum profile of rabbits. Data obtained were analyzed using Analysis of Variance test in a 2x2x2 factorial arrangement. The study showed that Packed cell volume (PCV), red blood cells (RBC) and haemoglobin (HB) were not significant in both generations while higher significant(p 0.05) effect on most of the biochemical parameters studied except for RBC and glucose which had 4.12 x1012/L and 69.23 mg/dl, for males and 3.68 x1012/L and 78.78mg/dl for females, respectively in the second generation. In addition, the AST and ALT values were also higher in the females than in the males in the first generation but with no significant (p>0.05) difference. Housing system result showed that WBC (6.29 x109/L) and glucose (78.35 mg/dl) of rabbits were significantly (p<0.05) increased in the cage and deep litter system, respectively in the first generation while total serum protein, albumin and globulin were significantly (p<0.05) higher in rabbits housed in the deep litter system in the second generation. Higher values were recorded for AST and ALT in the deep litter system than the cage system in both generations except that the values of ALT were within the same range for both housing systems in the second generation. This study clearly indicated that both housing systems support rabbit production without any negative influence on the immune status of the rabbit. Key words : Rabbit, Sex, Haematology, Generation, Cage, Deep litter.
7 citations
TL;DR: It is concluded that combinations of PKC, YPM and PPM could safely replace 50% of maize in broiler starter diet with 1: 1: 2 combination ratio producing a superior performance.
Abstract: Ninety six unsexed day old Marshall broiler chickens were divided into 4 groups of 3 replicates each on weight equalization basis (42.87 – 43.24g). The chicks were used to determine the effect of partial replacement of maize with combinations of palm kernel cake (PKC), yam peel meal (YPM) and plantain peel meal (PPM) in broiler starter diets. Four broiler starter diets were formulated such that diet T1 (control) contained 54% maize. Diets T2, T3 and T4 contained PKC, YPM and PPM in the ratios, 1:1:2, 1: 2:1 and 1: 1: 2 replacing 50% of maize. The chick groups were each randomly assigned to one of the experimental broiler starter diets in a completely randomised design (CRD) experiment. The feed and water were offered ad libitum. Results indicated that birds on diet T4 recorded significantly (p 0.05) for all groups while feed cost savings relative to the control diet ranged from 23.51 – 24.51%. Birds on diets T4 recorded the lowest feed cost per kg body weight gain. It is concluded that combinations of PKC, YPM and PPM could safely replace 50% of maize in broiler starter diet with 1: 1: 2 combination ratio producing a superior performance. Key Words : Combinations, Palm kernel cake, Yam peel, Plantain peel, Broilers
7 citations
TL;DR: Milk yield, composition and their correlated relationships in some selected indigenous breeds of cattle in late wet season of Adamawa state, Nigeria and its surrounds are studied.
Abstract: There is need for characterization of performances of cattle breeds in relation to milk yield and composition particularly in Adamawa State where seasonal fluctuations in climatic elements can affect livestock resilience. This study was carried out to evaluate the breed variation in milk yield and composition of some selected breeds of Nigerian indigenous cattle in Adamawa State in the late wet season (August-October). The milk of 20 cows each from four breeds (Bunaji, Rahaji, Adamawa Gudali and Bokoloji) was sampled for milk yield and composition analysis three times within the season. Milk was analysed for its composition. Breed significantly (p 0.05; r = -0.21 to 0.24) within various breeds. Zero relationship existed between milk yield and Fe in Adamawa Gudali (p>0.05; r =0.00) while a perfect relation exists between milk yield and protein yield (p>0.01; r = 1.00) in Rahaji, Adamawa Gudali and Bokoloji and between protein yield and fat yield (p>0.01; r = 1.00) in Bunaji and Bokoloji.For the pooled correlated responses, there was significant (p<0.05-0.01; r = -0.95 to 0.99) relationships between most milk components. It was therefore concluded that Bunaji had the highest milk yield, Bokoloji was best in milk protein and fat contents while Rahaji was best in mineral contents. Also, correlated relationship between milk components should be maximized in formulating a selection programme for improvement of milk in Nigerian indigenous cattle.
7 citations
TL;DR: It is concluded that enzyme supplemented CPM could replace 75% of maize in broiler finisher diet without any deleterious effect however, supplementing CPM with enzyme Maxigrain® at 50% replacement level for maize resulted in a more profitable performance as well as improved nutrient digestibility and is hereby recommended for poultry farmers.
Abstract: A four-week experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of Maxigrain® enzyme supplementation on performance, nutrient digestibility and economic indices of broiler finishers fed soaked and sun-dried cassava peel meal (CPM) based diet. CPM was included in the diets replacing maize at 0%, 25%, 50% and 75% respectively on a weight for weight basis. Diets with 25%, 50% and 75% CPM were supplemented with Maxigrain® at 100mg/kg. Two hundred (200) Anak, day old broiler chicks were randomly allotted to four dietary treatments in a completely randomized design (CRD) with five replicates containing ten birds each after balancing for live weight. Feed and water were supplied adlibitumthroughout the 4 weeks period of the experiment.Data on the body weight and feed intake were collected on a weekly basis and that of weight gain and feed conversion ratio(FCR) were calculated fortnightly while data on apparent nutrient digestibility was collected towards the end of the experiments in a metabolic trial. Data on feed costanalysis were calculated using the prevailing current market priceof feed ingredients.The result shows thataverage weight gain and feed intake were significantly affected (P<0.05) by dietary treatments. Birds on 50% CPM enzyme diet had a significant (P<0.05) higher weight gain and feed intake followed by those on 75% CPM diet as compared to control group. Enzyme supplementation of the CPM diets produced a slight improvement in feed conversion ratio than the control diet. Feed cost/kg weight gain significantly (P<0.05) decreased with increasing levels of enzyme supplemented CPM. Profit margin generated were higher (P<0.05) in bird fed enzyme treated CPM diet group. Apparent nutrient digestibility of the birds revealed a significant (P<0.05) variation in all parameters with the exception of dry matter.Digestibility values of the birds were observed to increase as the inclusion level of enzyme supplemented CPM increased across the diet. Therefore, it is concluded that enzyme supplemented CPM could replace 75% of maize in broiler finisher diet without any deleterious effect however, supplementing CPM with enzyme Maxigrain® at 50% replacement level for maize resulted in a more profitable performance as well as improved nutrient digestibility and is hereby recommended for poultry farmers. Keywords : Cassava peel meal, enzyme, Maxigrain®, broiler finishers, performance,
6 citations
TL;DR: The inbreeding level of these animals is high, which may be attributed to the fact that breeding policy on the farm was not strictly adhered to, and lack of proper and adequate registration system coupled with inconsistent animal identification system on theFarm may be responsible for the inbreeding observed in the N'Dama population.
Abstract: Records of 4184 N'Dama calves born between 1947 and 1984 at Fashola Stock Farm, Oyo State, Nigeria was used to compute inbreeding coefficient and determine its effects on calving intervals of cows. Only 273 of the 4184 calves (6.53%) were inbred with an average inbreeding coefficient of 9.71%, while five out of 293 sires had inbreeding coefficient of 9.25% and 43 out of 1849 dams had inbreeding coefficient of 9.95%. The inbreeding coefficient for the entire population was 0.63%, respectively 0.70% and 0.58% for male and female calves. The average calving interval was 445.34 ± 2.68 days within the herd while year of birth, parity of dam, age of dam and dam's age at first calving all significantly (P 0.05) influence on calving intervals of dams. Although the number of inbred animals in the population is relatively low, however the inbreeding level of these animals is high, which may be attributed to the fact that breeding policy on the farm was not strictly adhered to, and lack of proper and adequate registration system coupled with inconsistent animal identification system on the farm may be responsible for the inbreeding observed in the N'Dama population at Fashola Stock Farm.
Keywords: Inbreeding, N'Dama Cattle, Calving Interval, Nigeria
5 citations
TL;DR: Cobbs is observed as the best breed in comparison to Arbo Acre and Ross broilers with respect to organoleptic properties and organ weights, and lesser concentration may be used for Ross breed.
Abstract: The effect of Mimosa diplotricha leaf meal (MDLM) on the organ weights and organoleptic properties of three broiler breeds was studied using 120 day-old chicks reared for eight weeks. The work was carried out using randomized complete block design. The breeds namely Arbo Acre, Cobbs and Ross were designated as treatment 1, 2 and 3, respectively withthree replicates each. Two diet groups; diet with 2% Mimosa diplotricha leaf meal and diets without the leaf meal were administered. The organ weights and organoleptic properties of the broiler strains were determined. Mimosa diplotricha had no significant effect on the heart, spleen, gizzard and liver weights of the birds. Furthermore, similar spleen weights were obtained across the breeds, while discrepancies were observed in heart, gizzard and liver weights of the breeds. Cobbs best tolerated the leaf meal with respect to organ weights and gave the best taste, flavor intensity and desirability. Results showed that Mimosa diplotricha could be used as a partial replacement of wheat offal in broiler diets. However, lesser concentration may be used for Ross breed. Regardless of feed inclusion, Cobbs is observed as the best breed in comparison to Arbo acre and Ross broilers with respect to organoleptic properties and organ weights.
TL;DR: It was concluded that treatment of acetaminophen-induced sub-acute hepatotoxicity in albino rats with 500 mg/kg bw PSME significantly protected the hepatocellular integrity and ameliorated impaired hepatic excretory function.
Abstract: The effects of methanol leaf extract of Pterocarpus santalinoides DC was investigated on acetaminophen (APAP)-induced sub-acute liver damage (hepatotoxicity) in albino rats. Forty two adultmale albino ratswere used for the study, 12 for the acute toxicity study and 30 for the sub-acute hepatotoxicity study. The 30 rats used for the sub-acute hepatotoxicity study were randomly assigned into six groups (A – F) of 5 rats each as follows: Group A – APAP+distilledwater placebo (negative control),Groups B,CandD–APAP+50, 250, and 500 mg/kg body weight (bw) Pterocarpus santalinoides methanol extract (PSME) respectively, Group E – APAP + 100 mg/kg bw silymarin (positive control), and Group F – distilled water placebo only (normal control). The APAP was given at 3000 mg/kg bw orally at the beginning of the study (day 0) and after every 72 hours for 12 days, while treatment with PSME and silymarin was done orally twice daily for 15 days. Phytochemical analysis and acute toxicity evaluation followed standard procedures. Assay of serum enzymes, total serum protein, albumin, globulin, total cholesterol and bilirubin, and liver weight percentage of body weight of the rats was done at the end of the 15-day experimental period following standard procedures. The PSME had high levels of tannins, moderate levels of flavonoids, saponins, carbohydrates and reducing sugars, and low levels of alkaloids. The LD was above 5000 mg/kg bw. Treatment with PSME at the dose of 500 mg/kg bw significantly lowered (P < 0.05) serum ALT, AST, and ALP activities, cholesterol and bilirubin levels, and liver weight percentage of body weight when compared to the negative control,while treatment at the dose of 250mg/kg bw only led to significantly lower (P<0.05) serum levels of cholesterol and bilirubin when compared to the negative control. It was concluded that treatment of acetaminophen-induced sub-acute hepatotoxicity in albino rats with 500 mg/kg bw PSME significantly protected the hepatocellular integrity and ameliorated impaired hepatic excretory function.
TL;DR: It can be concluded that 12% CF diet at 2800 and 3000 ME (Kcal/kg) maximised carcass yield but carcass fat was minimised at2800 ME (kcal/ kg) diet of broiler chickens in favor of its recommendation for adoption, especially in the tropics.
Abstract: The carcass characteristics of unsexed Obamarshal broiler chickens fed three levels (4, 8 and 12%) of Crude Fibre (CF) and three levels of Metabolisable Energy (ME) at 2600, 2800 and 3000 ME (Kcal/kg) in multi-fibre source-based diets were assessed using a 3x3 factorial design. The nine experimental diets, each for the starter and finisher phases maintained the calorie: protein ratios of 123:1 and 140:1 respectively. Two hundred and sixteen (216) dayold unsexed broiler chicks were allotted at the outset to nine dietary treatments at 24 per diet with 8 birds per replicate. There were 3 replicates per treatment arranged in a completely randomised design. Diets were formulated in accordance with the standard nutritional specifications for the broiler chickens. Feed and water were provided to the birds ad libitum for 8 weeks. Results showed that carcass yield was similar (P>0.05) and maximised (P<0.05) on 8 and 12% CF diets at 2800 and 3000ME (Kcal/kg) with the eviscerated weights of 1.40 and 1.42 kg respectively while carcass fat as per abdominal and gizzard was minimised on 12% CF diet at 2800ME (Kcal/kg) diet. Relative weights of both intestinal organs and length of intestine were increased (P<0.05) in broiler finishers with increasing CF levels while increasing ME levels increased abdominal fat. It can therefore, be concluded that 12% CF diet at 2800 and 3000 ME (Kcal/kg) maximised carcass yield but carcass fat was minimised at 2800 ME (Kcal/kg) diet of broiler chickens in favor of its recommendation for adoption, especially in the tropics.Keywords: Broiler chicken; crude fibre; metabolisable energy; calorie: protein ratio; carcass
TL;DR: Effects of dietary Garcinia kola meal (bitter kola) on the performance and egg quality characteristics of laying hens were investigated and cost of egg production was adversely increased as the level of GarciniaKola meal increased.
Abstract: Effects of dietary Garcinia kola meal (bitter kola) on the performance and egg quality characteristics of laying hens were investigated. Four layers diets were made such that diet T 0 (control) contained no Garcinia kola meal while diets T 2.5 , T 5.0 and T 7.5 contained 2.5%, 5.0% and 7.5% Garcinia kola meal, respectively. Each diet was fed to a group of 30 laying hens at 30 weeks of laying life for 84 days, using completely randomized design (CRD). Each group was further sub-divided into three replicates of 10 hens each. The layers on T 2.5 and T 5.0 diets added significantly (P 0.05). T 2.5 significantly (P 0.05). Egg quality indices (egg shape index, egg specific gravity, Haugh unit, egg shell thickness, albumen index and yolk index) were not affected by the treatments (P > 0.05). Egg shell index was significantly (P<0.05) enhanced by Garcinia kola meal. At 2.5% level, it significantly enhanced percent albumin and reduced percent yolk (P<0.05). Cost of egg production (N/kg eggs) was adversely increased as the level of Garcinia kola meal increased. Key words: Egg production, egg quality, Garcinia kola, laying hens.
TL;DR: It was concluded that dietary supplementation of broiler chicken with bitter kola produced haematological and carcass results that did not follow any definite pattern and for all the organ weights observed except kidney which was found to show improvement with increased bitter kol level.
Abstract: The study was conducted to evaluate the effect of Garcinia Kola (Bitter Kola) used as phytobiotic or herbal natural additives on biochemical and carcass characteristics of broiler chickens. Five diets with different levels of inclusion of the kola were fed to a total of 150 Marshal day- old broilers. There were three replicates of ten birds per replicate. The five diets were made of control diet; diets 2, 3, 4 and 5 had 500ppm, 1000ppm, 1500ppm and 2000ppm of G. Kola respectively. The feeding trial lasted for eight weeks. Data were analyzed using completely randomized design. The results of haematological parameters examined show that there were significant (P 0.05) for all the organ weights observed except kidney which was found to show improvement with increased bitter kola level. It was concluded that dietary supplementation of broiler chicken with bitter kola produced haematological and carcass results that did not follow any definite pattern. Key word: Garcinia kola, haematology, serum, carcass, broiler chicken, phytobiotic
TL;DR: It was concluded that bovine tuberculosis is prevalent with epidemic tendency in cattle destined for human consumption, also with attending serious public health implications and huge loss to both the butchers and national economy.
Abstract: A 12 month cross-sectional study was carried out at Lafenwa Abattoir Abeokuta, Southwestern Nigeria from July, 2011 to June, 2012. This was to determine the prevalence and economic loss of bovine tuberculosis in this abattoir. A total of 928 cases of bovine tuberculosis out of 52,273 cattle slaughtered during this period were condemned, representing a total prevalence of 1.78% (95% CI: 1.31- 2.14%). Typical tuberculous lesions were found in the Lung, Liver and Spleen, higher rate of organ condemnation was observed in the lung followed by liver and spleen. There was statistically significant difference in rate of organ condemnation (P<0.05). The monthly prevalence and sequence plot revealed an epidemic tendency for bovine tuberculosis during this period and there was statistically significant difference between prevalence of bovine tuberculosis and seasonal occurrence. An estimated total loss of N1.2 million (US$7,367) due to bovine tuberculosis was observed in this abattoir for the year. It was concluded that bovine tuberculosis is prevalent with epidemic tendency in cattle destined for human consumption, also with attending serious public health implications and huge loss to both the butchers and national economy. Keywords : Bovine tuberculosis, Prevalence, Economic loss, Lafenwa abattoir
TL;DR: The effect of location on chemical composition varied among the plant types with significantly higher levels of CP in most of the Kd plants and the desired fermentation parameters have 4 that the medicinal plants have methane reducing potential.
Abstract: A study was carried out to determine the effect of medicinal plants from Enugu (En) and Kaduna (Kd) States on in-vitro rumen fermentation and methanogenesis. Twelve medicinal plants comprising herbs and spices were collected from En and Kd States, respectively. The chemical composition and cell wall component (NDF, ADF and hemicellulose) of the plants were determined. The samples were evaluated in an in-vitro study at an inclusion level of 10 mg/ 200 mg substrate. The experiment was laid out in a factorial arrangement and executed as a randomized complete block design with incubation done in batches. At the completion of the 24-hour incubation period, total gas volume (GV), dry matter digestibility (DMD), fermentation efficiency (FE) and CH were determined while organic matter digestibility 4 (OMD), short chain fatty acids (SCFA) and metabolisable energy (ME) were estimated from established equations. The chemical composition indicated range values of 72.82 (Allium sativum, En) - 95.73% (Aloe barbadense, Kd) for DM, 7.01 (Aframomum elegueta, En) – 30.59% (Allium sativum, En) for CP, 8.94 (Allium sativum, Kd) – 81.41% (Cymbopogon citratus, En) for NDF, 3.58 (Allium sativum, En) – 63.64% (Xylopia aethiopica, En) for ADF, 1.79 (Allium cepa, Kd) - 48.77 % (Aframomum melegueta, En) for hemicellulose, 2.64 (Aframomum melegueta, En) – 22.51% (Ageratum conyzoides, Kd) and 77.49 (Ageratum conyzoides, Kd) – 97.36% (Aframomum melegueta, En) for ash and OM, respectively. The effect of location on chemical composition varied among the plant types with significantly higher (P < 0.05) levels of CP in most of the Kd plants. The range for GV, DMD, CH 4 percentage, CH reduction, FE, OMD, SCFA and ME were 85.00 (Ageratum conyzoides, Kd) 4 - 149.49 mL/g DM (Aloe barbadense, Kd), 525.50 (Sida acuta, Kd) - 764.50 g/Kg DM (Aframomum melegueta, En), 45.75 (Allium sativum, En) - 72.59% (Aframomum melegueta, Kd), 2.36 (Allium cepa, Kd) - 32.86% (Zingiber officinale, Kd), 4.23 (Sida acuta, Kd) - 8.12 (Ageratum conyzoides, Kd), 45.83 (Ageratum conyzoides, Kd) – 57.18% (Cymbopogon citratus, Enugu; Aloe barbadense, Kd), 0.35 (Ageratum conyzoides, Kd) - 0.66 mmol/200 mg DM (Cymbopogon citratus, En) and 5.18 (Ageratum conyzoides, Kd) – 6.93 MJ/Kg DM (Cymbopogon citratus, En; Aloe barbadense, Kd) respectively. Allium sativum bulbs, Zingiber officinale rhizomes, Cymbopogon citratus and Sida acuta (both locations) reduced CH production without adversely affecting the desired fermentation parameters indicating 4 that the medicinal plants have methane reducing potential.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors evaluated the effect of low crude protein and low energy diets supplemented with multi-enzyme (enziblend plus+) on haematological parameters of grower pigs.
Abstract: One of the reliable information for evaluating nutritional status, performance and physiological state of farm animals to nutrient utilization is through haematological indices assessment. Haematological parameters of grower pigs fed low crude protein and low energy diets supplemented with multi-enzyme (enziblend plus+) were determined using 36 hybrid (Landrace x Large white) male pigs of 8-10 weeks old. Two metabolizable energy (3000 and 2600 Kcal ME/kg) and three crude protein levels (18, 16 and 14 % CP) were used to formulate Six dietary treatments; T1 (3000 Kcal ME/Kg; 18 % CP), T2 (3000 Kcal ME/Kg; 16 % CP+ 1g of enzyme/kg diet), T3 (3000 Kcal ME/Kg; 14 % CP+ 1g of enzyme/kg diet), T4 (2600 Kcal ME/Kg; 18 % CP + 1g of enzyme/kg diet), T5 (2600 Kcal ME/Kg; 16 % CP + 1g of enzyme/kg diet) and T6 (2600 Kcal ME/Kg; 14 % CP + 1g of enzyme/kg diet). The treatments were replicated three with two pigs per replicate. The experiment was a 2 x 3 factorial, and T1 served as the control. Blood samples were collected (3mls) via the ear vein from one pig in each replicate, three from treatment for haematological analysis. The results of this study recorded significant differences (P<0.05) in most of the hematological parameters evaluated, except in mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC) and basophile counts of the pigs. Grower pigs fed T2 and T4 diets recorded significantly (P<0.05) higher packed cell volume (PCV) (40.15% and 40.22%), hemoglobin (12.25g/dl and 12.00g/dl), red blood cell (7.95 x106 / µl and 8.00 x106 / µl), white blood cell (8.12 x103 / µl and 7.91 x103 / µl) and lymphocyte counts (5.26 x103 / µl and 5.00 x103 / µl). Grower pigs on T6 recorded significantly (P <0.05) lower mean values for PCV (32.55%), hemoglobin concentration (Hb) (9.82g/dl), red blood cell (RBC) (5.32 x103 / µl), white blood cell (WBC) (6.10 x103 / µl), lymphocyte (3.10 x103 / µl) and monocyte (0.31 x103 / µl) counts, respectively. Based on the findings of this study, feeding of growing pigs with low energy and low crude protein diets below 16 % CP with multi-enzyme supplementation adversely effected PCV, hemoglobin, RBC, WBC, lymphocytes and monocytes of grower pigs and therefore should be avoided in pig production.
TL;DR: It is concluded that 0.4 to 0.6 % dietary inclusion of ginger meal in broiler diets will have positive effects on serum lipoprotein level, carcass yield and organoleptic quality of meat.
Abstract: Recent concerns over the use of antibiotics in livestock feed production has generated interest in the use of phytobiotics to improve performance and meat quality of broilers. In this study the effect of dietary inclusion of ginger meal (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) on performance, haematology, serum lipid profile and carcass quality of broilers were evaluated. One hundred and eighty day old broiler chicks (Cobb strain) were randomly allocated to 4 treatment group with 3 replicates each. Each group was fed an experimental diets containing air dried ginger rhizome meal at either 0%, 0.2%, 0.4% and 0.6% levels, at starter (0-4 weeks) and finisher (5-8 weeks) stages, in a completely randomized design. 5 birds per treatment were sacrificed and used to evaluate the haematology, performance, carcass characteristics, serum lipid profile and post mortem microbial load on the meat. Results showed no significant (P>0.05) effects of dietary ginger meal inclusion on performance parameters but improved carcass yield and quality. 0.4% inclusion of ginger meal significantly (P<0.05) increased the HDL cholesterol level (56.72 mg/dL) relative to those fed 0.2% (25.38 mg/dL) while the total lipid, cholesterol, triglycerides and LDL levels were not significantly affected (P>0.05). Birds fed diets containing 0.2% ginger meal had haemoglobin content (11.96 g/dl) and PCV (36.68%) values superior to the control (10.16 g/dl and 32.22% respectively) Post mortem microbial load were unaffected by dietary inclusion of ginger up to 0.6% in their diets. Meat tenderness was significantly higher (P<0.05) at 0.4% and 0.6% ginger meal levels (8.20) compared to the control (7.40). it is therefore concluded that 0.4 to 0.6 % dietary inclusion of ginger meal in broiler diets will have positive effects on serum lipoprotein level, carcass yield and organoleptic quality of meat.
TL;DR: It was observed that fermentation and alkaline treatment employed reduced zinc concentration values of the MSP and it can be concluded that fermentation processing method presented the best results in terms of the chemical and mineral composition values.
Abstract: The separated roots and shoots left after malt extraction from the young sorghum seedlings are collectively called Sorghum sprout and being regarded a waste. The study was designed to investigate the effect of different processing methods on the nutritive value of malted sorghum sprout (MSP). TheMSP was divided into three parts: raw (RMSP), alkaline (wood ash) treated (AMSP) and fermented (FMSP). The proximate composition, fibre fraction and the mineral contents were determined and all data obtained were subjected to one way analysis of variance. Results revealed that the proximate and fibre fraction values of MSP were significantly (p<0.05) influenced by the processing methods. The highest dry matter (82.34%), ether extract (1.76%), ash (15.52%), neutral detergent fibre (63.00%) and hemicellulose (39.00%) values were recorded in FMSP. Fermentation and alkaline treatments reduced the crude protein while it increased the ether extract and nitrogen free extract of theMSP.Ash had the highest percentage value in fermentedmalted sorghum sprout (FMSP) and the lowest in raw malted sorghum sprout (RMSP). The concentration (g/kg) of calcium (14.45), phosphorus (67.92) and potassium (6.59) were significantly (p<0.05) highest in FMSP. The concentration (mg/kg) of iron (947.50) and copper (21.50) observed in AMSP were significantly (p<0.05) higher than the values obtained in FMSP followed by RMSP. It was observed that fermentation and alkaline treatment employed reduced zinc concentration values of the MSP. It can be concluded that fermentation processing method used in this study presented the best results in terms of the chemical andmineral composition values.
TL;DR: Information on superior growth performance of the Kalahari Red goat can be utilized to further investigate genetic improvement of the indigenous West African Dwarf population through crossbreeding.
Abstract: This study focused on comparing growth traits (body weights at birth, 3-month weaning and 6-month post-weaning) as well as growth curves of Kalahari Red (KR), a newly introduced goat breed in Nigeria and West African Dwarf (WAD) goat semi-intensively managed. Data on growth traits and weekly live weights were collected from 124 kids consisting of 61 KR and 63 WAD goats. The data were subjected to least squares analysis of variance to evaluate the effects of breed, sex, season, birth type and parity. The results showed that KR kids exceeded WAD kids in body weights at birth (2.30±0.06 kg vs 1.56±0.06 kg), 3-month weaning (8.88±0.57 kg vs 3.88±0.20 kg) and 6-month post-weaning (13.97±0.86 kg vs 5.05±0.37 kg). Corresponding pre-weaning average daily gain (ADG) estimates were 84.44±2.44 g and 31.73±1.16 g and post-weaning ADG were 61.88±1.81g and 24.84±1.21 g. Growth patterns of the two breeds were described using four different non-linear models: Brody, Gompertz, Logistic and Von Bertalanffy. Models were compared using parameter estimates (asymptotic weight 'A', integration constant 'B' and rate of maturity 'k'). Model with good fit was adjudged using coefficient of determination (R2) and residual mean squares (RMS). The KR goats had higher parameter estimates than WAD goats. Von Bertalanffy model had the highest 'A' estimates (24.24±0.94 kg vs 11.99±0.54 kg for KR and WAD goats). Gompertz had highest 'B' and 'k' estimates (5.37±0.20 vs 3.38±0.09) and (0.19±0.01 vs 0.13±0.01) for KR and WAD goats. All four growth models generally had R2 exceeding 99% and low RMS, hence giving good fit to the observed growth data. They can be used to implement feeding and management decisions that will optimize productivity. Information on superior growth performance of the Kalahari Red goat can be utilized to further investigate genetic improvement of the indigenous West African Dwarf population through crossbreeding.
Cette etude s'est concentree sur la comparaison des traits de croissance (poids corporel a la naissance, sevrage a 3 mois et 6 mois apres le sevrage) ainsi que les courbes de croissance du Kalahari Red (KR), une race de chevre nouvellement introduite au Nigeria et West AfricanDwarf (WAD) chevre geree de maniere semi-intensive. Des donnees sur les traits de croissance et le poids vif hebdomadaire ont ete collectees aupres de 124 chevreaux comprenant 61 chevres KR et 63 chevres WAD. Les donnees ont ete soumises a une analyse des moindres carres de la variance pour evaluer les effets de la race, du sexe, de la saison, du type de naissance et de la parite. Les resultats ont montre que les enfants KR depassaient les enfants WAD en poids corporel a la naissance (2.30 ± 0.06 kg vs 1.56 ± 0.06 kg), au sevrage de 3 mois (8.88 ± 0.57 kg vs 3.88 ± 0.20 kg) et 6 mois apres le sevrage (13.97 ± 0.86 kg contre 5.05 ± 0.37 kg). Les estimations correspondantes du gain quotidien moyen (ADG) presevrage etaient de 84.44 ± 2.44 g et 31.73 ± 1.16 g et l'ADG post-sevrage etait de 61.88 ± 1.81 g et 24.84 ± 1.21 g. Les modeles de croissance des deux races ont ete decrits a l'aide de quatre modeles non lineaires differents :Brody, Gompertz, Logistic et Von Bertalanffy. Les modeles ont ete compares a l'aide d'estimations de parametres (poids asymptotique « A », constante d'integration « B » et taux de maturite « k »). Le modele avec un bon ajustement a ete evalue en utilisant le coefficient de determination (R2) et les carres moyens residuels (RMS). Les chevres KR avaient des estimations de parametres plus elevees que les chevres WAD. Le modele de Von Bertalanffy presentait les estimations « A » les plus elevees (24.24 ± 0.94 kg contre 11.99 ± 0.54 kg pour les chevres KR et WAD). Gompertz avait les estimations « B » et « k » les plus elevees (5.37 ± 0.20 vs 3.38 ± 0.09) et (0.19 ± 0.01 vs 0.13 ± 0.01) pour les chevres KR et WAD. Les quatre modeles de croissance avaient generalement un R2 superieur a 99% et un RMS faible, ce qui correspondait bien aux donnees de croissance observees. Ils peuvent etre utilises pour mettre en œuvre des decisions d'alimentation et de gestion qui optimiseront la productivite. Les informations sur la performance de croissance superieure de la chevre rouge du Kalahari peuvent etre utilisees pour etudier plus avant l'amelioration genetique de la population indigene de nains d'Afrique de l'Ouest par croisement.
TL;DR: In this article, a study was conducted in Maigatari Local Government Area of Jigawa State to determine some morphometric characteristics of Red Sokoto and Sahel goats, and the results indicated that breed had no effect on most body characters and that live weight can best be predicted using HG.
Abstract: The initial step involved in any animal genetic improvement program is to describe the morphometric traits considered. Therefore, a study was conducted in Maigatari Local Government Area of Jigawa State to determine some morphometric characteristics of Red Sokoto and Sahel goats. A total of 250 goats (187 Red Sokoto and 63 Sahel) of mixed sex and age were used for the study. The animals were sampled from Maigatari main livestock market. Data generated were subjected to simple descriptive, analysis of variance, Pearson's correlation analysis and stepwise linear regression. The coefficients of variation obtained for the parameters ranged from 8.96 % for wither height to 56.89 % for udder circumference. Red Sokoto had mean BW, BCS, BL, HG, WH, UL, UC, TL and TC of 20.58 kg, 3.20, 22.45 cm, 25.28 cm, 22.93 cm, 3.48 cm, 5.99 cm, 4.97 cm and 7.88 cm, respectively. The corresponding values for Sahel were 22.91 kg, 3.00, 23.58 cm, 25.07 cm, 24.55 cm, 4.14 cm, 7.06 cm, 4.75 cm and 7.52 cm. Sahel goats had significantly higher BL (P<0.01) and WH (P<0.001). Female goats were heavier than male and had longer body, wider chest and higher height at wither. Except TC, goats of 36 - 48 months had the highest for all the significantly affected traits (BW, BCS, BL, HG and WH; P<0.001). The correlation coefficients observed among the morphometric traits were in general high, positive and significant, while the accuracy of the predictive equation when HG and in combination with BL were used to predict live weight was also high. This study indicated that breed had no effect on most body characters and that live weight can best be predicted using HG.
TL;DR: It was concluded that inclusion of fermented cassava peel meal in the diets of growing red sokoto bucks resulted in better performance of the bucks and reduced the cost of feed per kilogram weight gain.
Abstract: An experiment was carried out to evaluate the effects of differently processed cassava peel meal on the performance and economies of growing red sokoto bucks. Four experimental diets were formulated; diet T1 (control) contained 20 % sun-dried cassava peel meal while diets T2 , T3 and T4 contained 20 % soaked, 20 % boiled and 20 % fermented cassava peel meal, respectively. Each diet was fed to a group of 3 bucks for 70 days in a completely randomized design. Among the differently processed cassava peel meals included in the diets of growing red sokoto bucks, inclusion of fermented cassava peel meal significantly (p<0.05) increased the final weight (19.63 kg), weight gain (6.63 kg) and total feed intake (19.93 kg) of the bucks; no significant effect was observed on other performance indices. There was also a significant (p<0.05) reduction in the feed cost per kilogram weight gain of bucks fed diet containing fermented cassava peel meal. It was therefore concluded that inclusion of fermented cassava peel meal in the diets of growing red sokoto bucks resulted in better performance of the bucks and reduced the cost of feed per kilogram weight gain.
TL;DR: Broiler chicken producers can include up to 15% processed Shea butter cake in the diets of broiler chicks without affecting their growth performance as well as wellbeing.
Abstract: Dietary effects of differently processed Shea Butter Cake (SBC) on growth and haematological parameters of broiler chicks were evaluated in this study lasting 28 days. Six iso-nitrogenous (23% crude protein) and isocaloric (2871.31kcal/kg metabolizable energy) diets tagged T1, T2, T3, T4 T5 and T6 were compounded such that T1 served as the contro while the remaining treatments had 15% inclusion of the differently processed SBC. Two hundred and seventy day old chicks were randomly allocated to the six diets and each treatment was replicated 3 times in a completely randomized design. Dietary inclusion of SBC reduced final live weight significantly (P<0.05). Chicks fed T1, T2, T3, T4 and T5 had higher final live weights of 223.89 vs. 265.00 vs. 253.33 and 233.33 g/b, respectively than those fed the T6 (226.67 g/b) which however, were lower than the control (602.22 g/b). Similarly, birds fed T3, T4 and T6 had significantly higher (P<0.05) daily weight gain than those fed the T5 although highest in birds on control (19.90 g/b/d); similar trend was recorded in feed intake and feed cost per kg diet. Birds fed diets T1, T2 and T4 had lower (P<0.05) FCR of 2.01, 2.91 and 2.98, respectively. The RBC increased significantly (P<0.05) in birds fed T4 (2.58 x106 /µl) and T5 (2.41 x106 /µl) compared to other treatments. Broiler chicken producers can therefore, include up to 15% processed Shea butter cake in the diets of broiler chicks without affecting their growth performance as well as wellbeing.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors evaluated the nutritional and functional properties of six different underutilized and neglected legumes; Lima bean (LB) (Phaseolus lunatus) (2006-009), Bambara groundnut (BG) (Vigna subterranea) (TVSU- 1482), winged bean (WB) (Psophocarpus tetragonolobus) (Tpt-48), jack bean (JB) (Canavalia ensiformis)(Tcg-4) and African yam bean (AYB)
Abstract: Underutilized and neglected legumes have numerous nutritional potentials with great contributions to food security but they are usually excluded from research and development agenda. This study evaluates the nutritional and functional properties of six different underutilized and neglected legumes; Lima bean (LB) (Phaseolus lunatus) (2006-009), Bambara groundnut (BG) (Vigna subterranea) (TVSU- 1482), winged bean (WB) (Psophocarpus tetragonolobus) (Tpt-48), jack bean (JB) (Canavalia ensiformis) (Tce-4), sword bean (SB) (Canavalia gladiata) (Tcg-4) and African yam bean (AYB) (Sphenostylis stenocarpa) (TSS-95) from the Genetic Resources Unit (GRU), International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria. Nutritional and functional properties were evaluated using proximate composition, mineral analyses and functional properties like bulk density, water absorption capacity, oil absorption capacity, emulsion capacity and dispersibility. All the procedures were carried out using standard protocols. Statistical analysis was done using descriptive statistics. Results of proximate analysis showed that crude protein ranged from18.88 0.15%(WB) to 26.60±0.14%(AYB), crude fat ranged from 1.84 0.02% (JB) to 6.39 0.03% (BG), crude fibre ranged from 3.70 ±0.00% (AYB) to 5.04 0.03% (SB), ash ranged from 3.10 ± 0.14% (AYB) to 4.66 0.02% (LB), nitrogen free extract ranged from 55.60 0.04% (SB) to 62.97 0.12% (WB), moisture content ranged from 5.75 0.48% (AYB) to 10.77 0.03% (JB), dry matter ranged from 89.23 0.03% (JB) to 94.25 ± 0.488% (AYB) and gross energy ranged from 4.39 0.003 kcal/g (SB) to 4.66 0.00 (BG). Mineral content results revealed that calcium varied from 0.14 0.000% (LB) to 0.23 0.0003% (AYB), phosphorus varied from 0.20 0.0001% (AYB) to 0.38 0.00% (BG), sodium varied from 0.12 0.00% (LB and WB) to 0.35 0.0006% (AYB), potassium varied from 0.69 0.00% (LB) to 1.12 0.00% (BG), magnesium varied from 0.15 0.0002% (AYB) to 0.27 0.000% (BG) and iron varied from 44.84 0.03 (mg/g) (WB) to 80.98 0.0007(mg/g) (AYB). Results of functional properties showed that bulk density ranged from 0.45±0.04 g/mL (WB) to 0.77±0.08 g/mL (SB), water absorption capacity ranged from 168.33±0.03 g/100g (LB) to 183.62±0.01 g/100g (SB), oil absorption capacity ranged from 146.54 ±0.02 g/100g (LB) to 161.55±0.02 g/100g (JB), emulsion capacity ranged from 79.67 ±0.02 g/100g (LB) to 89.46±0.02 g/100g (SB) and dispersibility ranged from81.0±1.41%(SB) to 86.5±0.71% (BG). The study concluded that all the underutilized legumes have varying nutritional and functional properties, which should be exploited for nutritional benefits and industrial applications, as a solution to the problem of food shortage, especially in the developing countries.
TL;DR: Replacement of maize with SPV-CCM has relative cost advantage over the control diet and so should be incorporated in the diet of rabbit up to the level considered in this study.
Abstract: The study was carried out to determine the feed value of replacing maize with graded levels of sweet potato vine – cassava composite meal (SPV-CCM) to rabbits. Five treatment diets were formulated to contain SPV-CCM inclusion levels of 0% (control), 25%, 50%, 75% and 100%. Thirty weaned rabbits of mixed breeds and sexes were used for the experiment. They were randomly allocated to five dietary treatments with one rabbit as a replicate in a completely randomized design. Feed and water were provided ad libitum. Parameters measured were that of growth, digestibility, carcass and economics of production. The result showed that there was no significant (P>0.05) difference effect on final weight, total weight gain, daily weight gain and feed conversion ratio across the dietary treatments. There was no significant (P>0.05) difference on crude protein digestibility, crude fibre and ether extract which were within the required values for rabbit. There was no significant (P>0.05) difference on live weight at slaughter, dressing percentage, heart, liver, kidney, lungs/trachea, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, caecum, large intestine and visceral fat, there was however, a significant (P<0.05) difference in dressed weight, pancreases, spleen and kidney fat. A high cost of feeding, cost per kilogram diet and production was recorded in T and low cost of feeding, cost per kilogram diet and production in T . The result showed that 1 5 maize could be replaced by SPV-CCM up to 100% without any adverse effect on their performance, nutrient digestibility and carcass characteristics. However, the optimum performance was observed when 75% SPV-CCM replaced maize in the diet. Replacement of maize with SPV-CCM has relative cost advantage over the control diet and so should be incorporated in the diet of rabbit up to the level considered in this study.
TL;DR: It can be concluded that appreciable variation exists for growth traits among the strains of chickens and such variations can be utilized for improvement in the present emvironment.
Abstract: Genetic variation from a combination of four breeds of chickens (Anak Titan, Alpha, Giriraja and Normal indigenous chickens) were examined for importance of sire, dam, season and sex on growth traits using a Mixed-model Least-Squares and Maximum LIkelihood computer program. The results show that sire and dam genotypes significantly (P<0.05) affected growth. Anak Titan cocks and hens performed best in body weight (BW) with values ranging from 38.45±0.74g and 40.21±0.66g at day old to 1135.93 35.67g and 953.38 35.38g at week 12 respectively. Normal indigenous and Alpha improved indigenous performed better in linear body parameters. Genetic correlation coefficients among parameters for all the breeds were generally high. Positive estimates ranged from 0.15 for breast girth (BG) and keel length (KL) at week four to 0.99 for BG-KL at week tweve while negative values ranged from -0.783 for body weight (BW) and wing length (WL) at week four to -0.99 for BW-BG at week twelve. Heritability estimates for body weight ranged from 0.14 at week one to 0.63 at week four. It can be concluded that appreciable variation exists for growth traits among the strains of chickens. Such variations can be utilized for improvement in the present emvironment.
TL;DR: In this article, an experiment was carried out to determine the effect of different organic acids (OAs) on the carcass yield and internal organ characteristics of broiler chickens, and the experiment lasted for 4 weeks during the finisher phase.
Abstract: An experiment was carried out to determine the effect of different organic acids (OAs) on carcass yield and internal organ characteristics of broiler chickens. The OAs were ethanoic acid (acetic acid - AA), butanoic acid (butyric acid - BA), citric acid (CA) and methanoic acid (formic acid - FA). One hundred and fifty (150) day old AborAcre-plus chicks were used. There were five dietary treatments. Diet 1 which served as control (CON) contained no OAs, while 0.25% of AA, BA, CA and FA replaced palm kernel cake in diets 2 – 5. Each treatment was replicated three times with 10 birds per replicate, arranged in completely randomized design (CRD). Diets were both isoenergetic and isonitrogenous. The experiment lasted for 4 weeks during the finisher phase. Feed and water were given ad libitum. At the end of 4 weeks, 3 birds from each replicate giving a total of 9 birds per treatment were slaughtered for carcass and internal organ evaluation. Result from the carcass evaluation showed that dressed carcass, breast, thigh, wing and drumstick of OA treated groups were not significantly (P>0.05) different from the control. The backcut was significantly (P 0.05) on other internal organs. Keywords : broiler chickens, carcass yield, organic acids, internal organ characteristics.
TL;DR: In this article, the effect of dietary crude fibre energy relationships on the blood profile of unsexed Obamarshal strain of broiler chickens fed different levels of crude fiber (CF) each at three levels of metabolisable energy (ME) in multi-fibre source-based diets from day-old to 56 days of age.
Abstract: This study sought to assess the effect of dietary crude fibre – energy relationships onthe blood profile of unsexed Obamarshal strain of broiler chickens fed different levels of dietary crude fibre (CF) each at three levels of metabolisable energy (ME) in multi-fibre source-based diets from day-old to 56 days of age. Results indicated that neither CF nor ME and their interaction had significant effect on hematological indices measured at 50 days of age. The values of hematological indices obtained for the treatment groups fell within the standard values for normal chickens. Except for the blood cholesterol, there was no significant effect of varying levels of CF or ME on other serum metabolites and likewise their interaction effect. While increasing CF level tended to reduce significantly (P<0.05) blood cholesterol, incremental levels of ME tended to increase (P<0.05) blood cholesterol and also their interaction effects. The values of serum cholesterol in the birds ranged from 106 mg/dl for diet B to 181 mg/dl for diet D, which were within the range for normal chicken. Conclusively, the findings showed that blood profile was not adversely affected even at 12% CF and 3000 ME (Kcal/kg) diet.
TL;DR: The results of this study indicated that ensiled Andropogon gayanus with Centrosema pascourum at varied levels of inclusion improved physico chemical properties of the silages.
Abstract: The study was conducted with the field grown gamba grass (Andropogon gayanus) and Centro (Centrosema pascourum) to examine the nutritional quality of gamba grass ensiled with graded levels of Centrosema pascourum. The forages were harvested separately chopped into 2-3cm length manually and mixed thoroughly as follows: (100:0, 90:10, 80:20,70:30, 60:40, 50:50 and 40:60% of Andropogon gayanus: Centrosema pascourum, respectively) and designated as T1 , T2 , T3 , T4 , T5 , T6 and T7 respectively. The treatments were ensiled in a laboratory using bottle silos in triplicates per treatments and kept for 30 days fermentation period. The silages were evaluated for quality characteristics, proximate composition, fibre fractions, volatile fatty acids composition and ammonia nitrogen concentration (NH3 -N) using standard procedure. The results obtained showed that the silages were adequately fermented with pleasant and fruity odour, greenish-yellow colour, firm and dry texture. The pH, ether extract (EE), nitrogen free extract (NFE), organic matter (OM) and Ash contents of the silages were similar across the treatments (P<0.05). However, the crude protein (CP) contents of silages (9.44-14.88%), varied significantly (P<0.05) across the treatments. The crude fibre (CF), cellulose, hemicellulose and fibre fractions (neutral detergent fibre (NDF) and acid detergent fibre (ADF) of the silages differed significantly (P<0.05) except for acid detergent lignin (ADL) which was similar across the treatments. Other parameters such as volatile fatty acids (VFAs), NH3 concentration, temperature (°C) and dry matter (DM) moisture content (MC) differed significantly across the board. The results of this study indicated that ensiled Andropogon gayanus with Centrosema pascourum at varied levels of inclusion improved physico chemical properties of the silages. The inclusion of Centrosema pascourum legume forage also improved the crude protein (CP) contents of ensiled gamba grass significantly. Thus, the study recommends the use of 60% Andropogon gayanus and 40% Centrosema pascourum, which is practicable and obtainable.