Showing papers in "Nutrition Research Reviews in 1989"

Oxidants, antioxidants and cardiovascular disease.

Abstract: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains the major cause of death in the United States and Western Europe and occlusion of the coronary arteries by the atheromatous plaque accounts for most of these deaths (Ross, 1986; Slattery & Randall, 1988). Demographic differences in the incidence of CVD have been interpreted as implicating diet and cholesterol in the pathogenesis of the disease, but results of intervention trials to reduce serum cholesterol by dietary or pharmacological means are equivocal (Grundy, 1986; Reckless, 1987; Rifiind, 1987; Tyroler, 1987; James & Ralph, 1988; McCormick & Strabanek, 1988; Waterlow, 1988). Gey (1986) estimated that the major recognized risk factors for CVD, namely smoking, hypercholesterolaemia and hypertension, only account for 5 ( M O YO of the variance in the Occurrence of CVD. Consequently, there is scope for the inclusion of other dependent and independent risk factors which may contribute to the apparent multifactorial nature of the disease. The purpose of the present article is to review recent evidence implicating reactive free radicals in the development of CVD.

Peptides in human nutrition.

Abstract: CONCLUSIONS AND PERSPECTIVES . A P P L I C A T I O N OF P E P T I D E S TO I N T R A V E N O U S N U T R I T I O N . EVIDENCE FOR ENDOGENOUS HYDROLYSIS OF CIRCULATING PEPTIDES . TRANSLOCATION OF PEPTIDES ACROSS THE GASTROINTESTINAL BARRIER 88 88 88 88 89 89 89 90 90 91 92 92 92 92 93 93 93 THE ROLE O F THE KIDNEY IN DISPOSAL O F CIRCULATING PEPTIDES . INFUSION STUDIES W I T H SYNTHETIC DIPEPTIDES . LARGE-SCALE USE OF INTRAVENOUS PROTEIN HYDROLYSATES . Comparison with free amino acids. Peptiduria .

Biochemical bases needed for the mathematical representation of whole animal metabolism.

Abstract: The utilization of food by an animal is dependent on the amount ingested, and the subsequent processes of digestion, absorption and metabolism. Quantification of the nutrients absorbed requires studies in vivo, while the process of metabolism has been studied through experiments conducted at the level of the whole animal, the tissue and the individual cell with the aim of understanding component parts of the overall process. As the techniques employed by researchers (and hence the quality of the information obtained) have improved, and the quantity of information available has accumulated, the desire to

Nutritional regulation of pancreatic and biliary secretions.

Abstract: MECHANISMS OF PANCREATIC ADAPTATION , MOLECULAR REGULATION OF PANCREATIC ADAPTATION . Dietary changes and molecular adaptation . Peptides and molecular adaptation . BILIARY SECRETION A N D DIETARY FAT . BILE RESPONSE TO DIETARY FAT . Bile salts . Biliary phospholipids . Biliary cholesterol. . Relative proportions of biliary lipids : saturation of bile with cholesterol MECHANISMS OF BILE RESPONSE TO DIETARY FAT . . BILIARY SECRETION A N D DIETARY FIBRE . BILE RESPONSE TO DIETARY FIBRE . Choledocal secretion . Bile acid pool. . Bile acid metabolism . MECHANISMS OF BILE RESPONSE TO DIETARY FIBRE . CONCLUSIONS , REFERENCES . . 161 . 162 . 162 . 163 . 165 . 165 . 167 . 168 . 168 . 168 . 169 . 169 . 170 . 170 . 171 . 171 . 171 . 172 . 173 173 . 175 175

Vitamin A, immunity and infection.

Abstract: T R A N S P O R T A N D D E L I V E R Y . . 19 CELLULAR U P T A K E . . 19 EXCRETION . . 19 ASSESSMENT OF VITAMIN A STATUS . . 19 C L I N I C A L ASSESSMENT . . 20 F U N C T I O N OF THE RETINA . . 20 C O N J U N C T I V A L I N T E G R I T Y . . 21 BIOCHEMICAL ASSESSMENT . . 21 Plasma retinol . . 21 Liver biopsy . . . 21 Relative dose response . . 21 IMMUNITY A N D INFECTION . . 22 ANIMAL EXPERIMENTAL S T U D I E S . . 22 Mucosal surfaces . . 22 Cell-mediated immunity. . . 22 Humoral immunity . . 23 FREE R A D I C A L S C A V E N G I N G . . 23 MALNUTRITION-INFECTION I N T E R A C T I O N S I N M A N . . 24

Nutrition in renal failure

Abstract: The present review will consider nutritional support problems in acute renal failure (ARF) and chronic renal failure (CRF) patients, chronic ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) and those receiving regular haemodialysis (HD) treatment. For many years little advance had been made in the nutritional management of ARF until it was understood that such patients should receive protein and adequate energy input. Nevertheless, there is still a very high mortality rate in hypercatabolic ARF patients and this is partly related to their poor nutritional support. Studies have shown (Lee & Talbot, 1989) that relying on oral or enteral nutrition for such patients is bound to lead to inadequate intake, and there is a growing move afoot to suggest that all ARF patients, irrespective of gut function, should have their complete nutrition given intravenously. With respect to CRF the pendulum has swung from considering low-protein diets simply as palliative treatment in advanced CRF to the now more cautious approach suggesting that low-protein diets given early in progressive renal failure, i.e. serum creatinine between I50 and 200 prnolll, might considerably delay end-stage renal failure. Many problems remain in this area with respect to (a) the mechanisms by which low-protein diets work, (b) the patients who can best benefit from this treatment, (c) the effects of treatment of other intercurrent problems and (d) ensuring that diets are palatable and patients are given adequate dietary instruction. By and large, with respect to haemodialysis patients, there are few nutritional problems compared with earlier years, though nutritional problems are a continuing source of concern in CAPD patients, particularly in the elderly.