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Showing papers in "Physica Status Solidi (a) in 1981"


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, complex admittance measurements were performed on high-purity ceramics prepared by means of the alkoxide synthesis and on less pure ones obtained from the citrate synthesis.
Abstract: Complex admittance measurements are performed on high-purity ceramics prepared by means of the alkoxide synthesis and on less pure ceramics obtained from the citrate synthesis. The results on ceramic materials with grain sizes ranging from 0.4 to 20 µm are compared with those from a single crystal. The activation enthalpy for grain boundary conductivity Hgb = (118 ± 2) kJ/mol for the samples studied, is independent of composition, grain size, and preparation method. Grain boundary conductivity values and consequently the relevant pre-exponential factors are an order of magnitude smaller for the alkoxide materials than for the citrate materials. The ratio of grain bulk and grain boundary conductivity (Qb/Qgb) for alkoxide materials with grain-sizes 0.4 to 0.8 µm varies from 8.5 to 1.0 in the temperature range 500 to 700 °C.

276 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the electrical conductivity and the Hall effect were investigated in the temperature region from 77 to 1000 K on undoped ZnO single crystals grown by vapour phase transport.
Abstract: The electrical conductivity and the Hall effect are investigated in the temperature region from 77 to 1000 K on undoped ZnO single crystals grown by vapour phase transport. The growth conditions were systematically altered to get crystals with definite non-stoichiometry. The electrical properties are related to these growth conditions. The analysis of the Hall data yields the phase boundary ZnO/Zn and a formation enthalpy of 1.5 eV for the dominant native donor. This donor is suggested to be the oxygen vacancy. The Hall mobility is analysed with regard of new aspects giving a smaller anisotropy than in earlier analyses.

182 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the numerical influence of different terms in the law of approach to saturation is tested applying a least square procedure on a variety of sets of synthetical data (256 I(H) points) which are generated using the formula I = I8[1 − (A/H) − (B/H2) −(C/H3)] + χH + D√H.
Abstract: The numerical influence of different terms in the law of approach to saturation is tested applying a least square procedure on a variety of sets of synthetical data (256 I(H) points) which are generated using the formula I = I8[1 − (A/H) − (B/H2) − (C/H3)] + χH + D√H. Graphical methods are compared with the fitting procedure. Practical examples applying different methods analysing the I versus H curve of hexagonal polycrystalline cobalt and barium ferrite are given.

167 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The elastic constants of Ni3Al were determined at 0 and 23.5 °C by ultrasonic measurements performed on a single crystal (with parallel sets of (110), (110, and (001) faces).
Abstract: The elastic constants of Ni3Al are determined at 0 and 23.5 °C by ultrasonic measurements performed on a single crystal (with parallel sets of (110), (110), and (001) faces) of stoichiometric Ni3Al. The (adiabatic) ice point values, which are estimated to be accurate to within ±0.2%, are as follows: C11 = 2.243, C12 = 1.486, C44 = 1.258 × 1011 N/m2. The C44 and C12 are within about 2% of the corresponding values for pure nickel. The C11 of Ni3Al is smaller than that of pure nickel by about 12% resulting in a significantly higher elastic anisotropy for the ordered alloy as opposed to the pure metal. The experimental data are used to calculate the elastic moduli of polycrystalline Ni3Al possessing a random distribution of crystallite orientations. Both the Cij and polycrystalline moduli values reported here differ significantly from published results for this alloy.

154 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a phenomenological theory of the size dependence of the melting temperature of small crystalline particles is offered Fluctuations and deviation of the crystals form from the equilibrium one are shown to produce a considerable effect on the melting of small particles and the fraction of the melted particles is determined by the curves of temperature dependence for integral intensity of one of the reflexes of the electron diffraction pattern.
Abstract: A phenomenological theory of the size dependence of the melting temperature of small crystalline particles is offered Fluctuations and deviation of the crystals form from the equilibrium one are shown to produce a considerable effect on the melting of small particles An experimental study of the melting of small particles of Sn, Pb, Bi, and In in island films is carried out The fraction of the melted particles is determined by the curves of temperature dependence for integral intensity of one of the reflexes of the electron diffraction pattern The results obtained by the authors are easy to describe with the thermodynamic theory taking into account the effect of fluctuations and nonequilibrium habit [Russian Text Ignored]

139 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the crystallization kinetics of flash evaporated amorphous selenium films are studied from conductivity measurements, and the determination of the type of cristallisation: surface induced crystallization (SIC) or bulk induced crystallisation (BIC) enables to determine the value of the parameters which characterise the crystallisation.
Abstract: The crystallization kinetics of flash evaporated amorphous selenium films are studied from conductivity measurements. The determination of the crystallization type: surface induced crystallization (SIC) or bulk induced crystallization (BIC), enables to determine the value of the parameters which characterise the crystallization. Les cinetiques de cristallisation du selenium amorphe obtenu par evaporation flash sont etudiees par des mesures de conductivite a differentes temperatures. La determination du type de cristallisation: induite en surface (SIC) ou en volume (BIC) nous a permis d'obtenir des ordres de grandeurs des parametres qui caracterisent la cristallisation.

126 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a three-dimensional analysis is given of the generation, diffusion, and collection of minority carriers injected by an electron beam in a semiconductor containing a p-n junction parallel to the surface.
Abstract: A three-dimensional analysis is given of the generation, diffusion, and collection of minority carriers injected by an electron beam in a semiconductor containing a p–n junction parallel to the surface. Using a modified Gaussian approximation to the three-dimensional electron beam dissipation function, analytical expressions are derived for the distribution of beam-generated minority carriers in the top layer of the junction and for the collected current. These expressions are used in Part II for describing the formation of the contrast in charge-collection images of dislocations, as obtained in scanning electron microscopes. Es Wird Eine Dreidimensionale Behandlung Der Erzeugung, Der Diffusion Und Der Sammlung Der Durch Einen Elektronenstrahl Erzeugten Minoritatsladungstrager In Einem Halbleiter Mit Einem Zur Oberfl ache Parallelen Ubergang Gegebe n. Unter Verwendung Einer Modifizierten Gausschen Naherung Zur Dreidimensionalen Verteilung Der Durch Den Elektronenstrahl Erzeugten Ionisierungsdichte, Werden Analytische Ausdrucke Fur Die Verteilung Der Strahlerzeugten Minoritatsladungstrager In Der Oberen Schicht Des ubergangs Und Fur Den Gesammelten Strom Abgeleite t. Diese Ausdrucke Werden Im I i. Teil Zur Beschreibung Der Kontrastentstehung Bei Der Abbildung Von Versetzungen Mittels Ladungssammlung In Rasterelektronenmikroskopen Verwendet.

120 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The luminescence of pure single crystals of CdWO4 was reported in this article, where two emission bands were observed and their decay times were measured and discussed, respectively.
Abstract: The luminescence of pure single crystals of CdWO4 is reported. Two emission bands are observed. Their decay times are measured and discussed. Die Lumineszenz von reinen CdWO4-Einkristallen wird mitgeteilt. Es gibt zwei Emissionsbanden. Die Abklingzeiten werden gemessen und diskutiert.

99 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The asymmetries of the Mossbauer spectra of magnetic amorphous transition metal (TM)-metalloid (M′) alloys can be explained in some cases with the help of the dipolar fields due to the spin moment of the 3d electrons as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: The asymmetries of the Mossbauer spectra of magnetic amorphous transition metal (TM)-metalloid (M′) alloys can be explained in some cases (M′ = B) with the help of the dipolar fields due to the spin moment of the 3d electrons. Les dissymetries des spectres Mossbauer des alliages amorphes magnetiques: metal de transition (TM)-metalloide (M′) peuvent dans certains cas (M′ = B) s'expliquer a l'aide des champs dipolaires dus aux moments de spin des Blectrons 3d.

97 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The far-infrared spectra of five mixed ferrites in the range 200 to 640 cm−1 are reported in this article, and four bands are observed. But the spectral properties of these bands are unknown.
Abstract: The far-infrared spectra of five mixed ferrites in the range 200 to 640 cm−1 are reported. Four bands are observed. The high frequency band (v1) and low frequency band (v2) are assigned to the tetrahedral and octahedral complexes, respectively. A small band (v3) around v2 is observed and its intensity increases with divalent octahedral metal ion concentration. This band is assigned to the octahedral divalent metal-oxygen ion complexes. The lowest band observed for the highest concentration of cobalt is attributed to the lattice vibrations of the system. Die Ferninfrarot-Spektren von funf Mischferriten im Bereich 200 bis 640 cm−1 werden mitgeteilt. Vier Banden werden beobachtet. Die hochfrequente Bande (v1) und die niederfrequente Bande (v2) werden den'tetraedrischen bzw. oktaedrischen Komplexen zugeordnet. Eine schwache Bande (v2) bei v2 wird beobachtet, deren Intensitat mit der Konzentration divalenter oktaedrischer Metallionen zunimmt. Diese Bande wird den oktaedrischen divalenten Metall-Sauerstoff-Komplexen zugeordnet. Die niedrigste Bande, die fur die hochste Kobaltkonzentration beobachtet wird, wird den Gitterschwingungen des Systems zugeschrieben.

95 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: For Ni-doped n-and p-type crystals with Schottky contacts more than fifteen energy levels are observed by DLTS-techniques as mentioned in this paper. But the results are limited to the surface regions of the crystals (depth 10 to 20 μm).
Abstract: Bei Ni-dotierten n- und p-Kristallen mit Schottkykontakten konnen mit DLTS-Untersuchungen mehr als funfzehn Energieterme nachgewiesen werden. Ein Donator bei Ev + 0,17 eV und ein Akzeptor bei Ec − 0,38 eV werden durch die Zustande Ni+, Ni− einer Volumenstorstelle verursacht. Nach der Kontaktierung und im Verlauf einer Temperung (T < 400°C) kann eine Abnahme der Konzentration Ni+ und Ni− in den Randschichtbereichen der Kristalle (Tiefe 10 bis 20 μm) beobachtet werden. Die Reaktionen erzeugen dabei etwa zehn zusatzliche Storstellen. Bei n-Si mit Pd-Kontakten wird vor allem die Reaktion Ni− En2 mit En2 = Ec − 0,22 eV beobachtet. For Ni-doped n- and p-type crystals with Schottky contacts more than fifteen energy levels are observed by DLTS-techniques. A donor at Ev +0.17 eV and an acceptor at Ec − 0.38 eV are related with the levels Ni+, Ni− of an impurity center in the bulk of the crystals. After the contact-preparation or an annealing (T < 400°C) a decrease of the concentration Ni+ and Ni− in the surface regions of the crystals (depth 10 to 20 μm) is observed. These reactions are related with the production of about ten impurity centres. For n-Si with Pd-contacts above all the reaction Ni− En2 with En2 = Ec − 0.22 eV is observed.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a theory of the fractional glow technique (FGT) for an arbitrary heating regime and first-order recombination kinetics is developed, where the mean activation energy, the mean frequency factor, the recombination intensity, and the FGT energy spectrum as the TDF image in activation energy scale are presented.
Abstract: A theory of the fractional glow technique (FGT) for an arbitrary heating regime and first-order recombination kinetics is developed. In order to describe a trap distribution function (TDF) its characteristics: (i) the mean activation energy, (ii) the mean frequency factor, (iii) the recombination intensity, (iv) the FGT energy spectrum as the TDF image in activation energy scale, and (v) the FGT frequency factor spectrum as the TDF image in frequency factor scale are presented. Relations are obtained which permit direct calculation of these characteristics without a computer simulation of the fractional heating regime. Regularities of the FGT energy spectrum formation as well as the errors of the mean frequency factor estimate for various TDF's are discussed.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigated the thermally induced defects in heat-treated (250 to 600 °C, 1 to 500 h) silicon crystals by a low-temperature photoluminescence method.
Abstract: Thermal defect generation processes are investigated in heat-treated (250 to 600 °C, 1 to 500 h) silicon crystals by a low-temperature photoluminescence method. In the spectral range from 0.75 to 1.20 eV, a number of emission bands are found. Some of these bands have been already observed in the luminescence spectra of irradiated silicon. The bands are found to cause the thermallyinduced defects, incorporating oxygen and carbon impurity atoms. Experimental data on the uniaxial stress splitting of the 0.7667 and 0.9259 eV zero-phonon luminescence lines associated with the oxygen thermal donors are presented. [Russian Text Ignored]

Journal ArticleDOI
Wolfgang Gust1, M. B. Hintz1, A. Loddwg, H. Odelius, Bruno Predel1 
TL;DR: In this article, the impurity diffusion activation energy and preexponential factor of Al in Ni single crystals over a temperature range from 914 to 1212 K were analyzed using secondary ion mass spectrometers.
Abstract: Secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) is used to study the impurity diffusion of Al in Ni single crystals over a temperature range from 914 to (1212) K. The high affinity of Al for oxygen results in some unusual behaviour during SIMS analysis (i.e. instability of the Al background and Ni matrix signals), but arguments presented in the present paper lead to the conclusion that the effect of this behaviour on the measurement accuracy is small. The values obtained for the impurity diffusion activation energy and pre-exponential factor are Q = (260 ± 13) kJ/mol and D0 = (1.0 ± 3.4) cm2/s, respectively. These values are in good agreement with data obtained by other techniques. Mittels Sekundarionen-Massenspektrometrie (SIMS) wird die Fremddiffusion von Al in Ni-Einkristallen im Temperaturbereich von 914 bis 1212 K untersucht. Die hohe Sauerstoffaffinitat des Aluminiums fuhrt zu einem unublichen Verhalten bei der SIMS-Analyse, d. h. zu einer Instabilitat des Fremdatom-Untergrundsignals und des Matrixsignals. Es wird gezeigt, das der Einflus dieses Verhaltens auf die Mesgenauigkeit gering ist. Die ermittelten Werte der Aktivierungsenergie und der Praexponentialgrose des Fremddiffusionskoeffizienten sind Q = (260 ± 13) kJ/mol und D0 = (1,0 ± 3,4) cm2/s. Diese Werte befinden sich in guter ubereinstimmung mit Werten, die nach anderen Verfahren ermittelt wurden.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the properties of NiMnGe1−nSin (0 ≦ n ≦ 1) were studied in the temperature range from 80 to 1000 K by X-ray and neutron diffraction, magnetometric and DTA measurements.
Abstract: Magnetic and crystallographic nature of the compounds NiMnGe1−nSin (0 ≦ n ≦ 1) are studied in the temperature range from 80 to 1000 K by X-ray and neutron diffraction, magnetometric and DTA measurements. On the basis of these experimental data, crystallographic and magnetic phase diagram are constructed. The compounds have NiTiSi type structure at low temperatures and they transform into the Ni2In type structure at high temperatures. Magnetic and neutron diffraction measurement revealed the existence of three regions of different types of magnetic orderings: helicoidal (0 ≦ n ≦ 0.25), noncollinear (0.3 ≦ n ≦ 0.55), and ferromagnetic (0.6 ≦ n ≦ 1.0). The transition from antiferromagnetic to ferromagnetic phase implies the decrease of the MnMn distances. [Russian Text Ignored].

Journal ArticleDOI
J. Leroueille1
TL;DR: In this paper, the influence of carbon on thermal donor generation and on oxygen precipitation was investigated for Czochralski silicon and it was deduced that the stable donor complexes generated at 750°C involve carbon and oxygen atoms.
Abstract: The influence of carbon on thermal donor generation and on oxygen precipitation is investigated for Czochralski silicon. The results confirm the fact that carbon inhibits thermal donor generation at 450°C and accelerates the rate of oxygen precipitation at higher temperature. New and very interesting results are found on the influence of carbon in the generation of thermal donors at 750°C. From the results it is deduced that the stable donor complexes generated at 750°C involve carbon and oxygen atoms. Nous avons etudie l'influence du carbone sur la generation de donneurs thermiques et sur la precipitation de l'oxygene dans le silicium Czochralski. Nos resultats confirment le fait que le carbone inhibe la generation de donneurs thermiques a 450°C et accelere la precipitation de l'oxygene a plus haute temperature. Des resultats nouveaux et interessants ont ete obtenus sur l'influence du carbone sur la generation des donneurs thermiques a 750°C. D'apres ceux-ci, on peut penser que les complexes donneurs stables generes a 750°C contiennent a la fois des atomes de carbone et d'oxygene.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the optical absorption in flash-evaporated 2O3 thin films is studied in the photon energy range 6 to 62 eV and an indirect gap insulator with an energy gap of ≈ 26 eV at room temperature is found.
Abstract: The optical absorption in flash-evaporated 2O3 thin films is studied in the photon energy range 06 to 62 eV Tetragonal Bi2O3 is found to be an indirect gap insulator with an energy gap of ≈ 26 eV at room temperature At 56 eV a peak in the extinction is evidenced In the transparent region of the layers the variations in transmission are mainly due to interference phenomena Optical constants and thickness are determined from the fringe pattern of the transmission spectrum Es wird die optische Absorption in flash-aufgedampften dunnen Bi2O3-Schichten im Bereich der Photonenenergien von 0,6 bis 6,2 eV untersucht Es wird gefunden, das tetragonales Bi2O3 ein Isolator mit indirektem Gap und einer Energielucke von ≈ 2,6 eV bei Zimmertemperatur ist Bei 5,6 eV wird ein Maximum der Extinktion festgestellt Im transparenten Bereich der Schichten werden Transmissionsanderungen hauptsachlich durch Interferenzphanomene hervorgerufen Optiache Konstanten und Dicke werden aus dem Streifenmuster des Transmissionsspektrums bestimmt

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, it is shown that domain patterns reflect the arrangement of tensile and compressive stresses and quasi-dislocation dipoles are formed during the rapid quenching process by an agglomeration of the free volume.
Abstract: In rapidly quenched, amorphous ferromagnetic alloys domain patterns and magnetization processes are governed by topological defects and their stress fields. It is shown that domain patterns reflect the arrangement of tensile and compressive stresses. As sources of elastic stresses quasi-dislocation dipoles are proposed wich are formed during the rapid quenching process by an agglomeration of the free volume. In schnell abgeschreckten, amorphen ferromagnetischen Legierungen werden Domanenstruktur und Magnetisierungsprozesse durch topologische Defekte und ihre elastischen Spannungsfelder bestimmt. Es wird gezeigt, das die Domanenstruktur die Verteilung der Zug-und Druckspannun-gen wiedergibt. Als Quellen elastischer Spannungen werden Quasiversetzungsdipole vorgeschlagen, die wuhrend des schnellen Abschreckprozesses durch eine Agglomeration des freien Volumens ge-bildet werden.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a precise experimental diffractometric study of unit cell parameters of polycrystalline BaTiO3 in the temperature range from −170 to 220 °C was made, using an X-ray diffraction line refinement computer method.
Abstract: A precise experimental diffractometric study of unit cell parameters of polycrystalline BaTiO3 in the temperature range from −170 to 220 °C is made, using an X-ray diffraction line refinement computer method. The values of unit cell volume jump, the widths of phase coexistence regions, and the hysteresis characteristics at phase transitions are determined. Analytical expressions for unit cell parameters as functions of the temperature are given. The concept of crystallographic parameters a t phase transition points is discussed. Es wird die Gitterkonstantenanderung von polykristallinem BaTiO3 im Temperaturbereich von −170 bis 220 °C rontgendiffraktometrisch untersucht, wobei die Zerlegung der zusammengesetzten Beugungslinienprofile mit Hilfe der EDV erfolgt. Die numerischen Werte der Einheitszellen- volumensprunge, Breiten der Phasenkoexistenzbereiche, Charakteristiken der Hysteresiserscheinungen bei Phasenubergangen werden bestimmt. Die Temperaturabhangigkeiten der Zellen- parameter werden in analytischer Form gegeben. Der Begriff der kristallographischen Parameter an Phasenumwandlungspunkten wird diskutiert.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the properties of three ferroelectrics with diffuse phase transition (PLZT 8/65/35) are investigated in dependence on temperature and electric field strength.
Abstract: Dielectric, thermal, electrocaloric, elastic, optical, and electromechanical properties of three ferroelectrics with diffuse phase transition (PLZT 8/65/35 ceramics, lead magnesium niobate and strontium barium niobate single crystals) are investigated in dependence on temperature and electric field strength. It is shown that a polar phase can be induced by an electric field within the nonpolar phase and vice versa, depending on whether the temperature is above or below Tt < TC. Analogies to stress-induced martensic transformations are emphasized. Dielektrische, thermische, elektrokalorische, elastische, optische und elektromechanische Eigenschaften von drei Ferroelektrika mit diffuser Phasenumwandlung (PLZT 8/65/35-Keramik, Bleimagnesiumniobat- und Strontiumbariumniobat-Einkristalle) werden in Abhangigkeit von der Temperatur und der elektrischen Feldstarke untersucht. Es wird gezeigt, das sich eine polare Phase durch ein elektrisches Feld innerhalb der unpolaren induzieren last und umgekehrt eine unpolare in einer polaren, je nachdem ob die Temperatur ober-oder unterhalb Tt < TC liegt. Auf Analogien zu spannungsinduzierten martensitischen Transformationen wird hinge wiesen.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a piezoelectric model of mechanoluminescence was proposed and the authors found that most of the commercially available polymorphen Kristallen exhibit mechanoluminance.
Abstract: The mechanoluminescence of many molecular crystals, its intensity, and the spectra are reported. The piezoelectric model of mechanoluminescence is analysed and it is found that most of the piezoelectric crystals exhibit mechanoluminescence. The absence of mechanoluminescence in some of the piezoelectric crystals may be due to insufficient electrification for the mechanoluminescence excitation. Some of the non-piezoelectric crystals like saccharin, salicylamide, phthalic acid, salicylic acid etc. exhibit mechanoluminescence because of the random presence of a piezoelectric phase in the vicinity of the defects. The absence or presence of mechanoluminescence in several polymorphic crystals are reported which is in accord with the piezoelectric model. It is concluded that the piezoelectric field near the tip of the mobile cracks excites, both, the molecules of the crystals and the adsorbed nitrogen. The excited molecules of nitrogen, energetically located above the emitting state of the molecules of the crystals, may rapidly transfer their energy to the crystal before the emission can take place. Depending on the total or partial transfer of energy from the excited nitrogen molecules to the molecules of the crystal, the mechanolu-minescence spectra may consist of either only the molecular emission or the combination of the molecular emission and nitrogen emission. For the crystals which do not exhibit other types of luminescence, the mechanoluminescence spectra may consist of only the nitrogen emission. Es wird uber die Mechanolumineszenz einer Reihe von Molekulkristallen uber ihre Intensitat und Spektren berichtet. Das piezoelektrische Modell der Mechanolumineszenz wird analysiert und es wird gefunden, das die meisten der piezoelektrischen Kristalle Mechanolumineszenz zeigen. Das Fehlen der Mechanolumineszenz bei einigen der piezoelektrischen Kristalle kann durch ungenu-gende Elektrifikation fur die Mechanolumineszenzanregung hervorgerufen sein. Einige der nicht piezoelektrischen Kristalle, wie Sacharin, Salizylamid, Phtalisaure, Salizylsaure usw. zeigen Mechanolumineszenz aufgrund der statistischen Anwesenheit einer piezoelektrischen Phase in der Nahe von Defekten. Uber das Auftreten oder Nichtauftreten von Mechanolumineszenz in einigen polymorphen Kristallen wird in Ubereinstimmung mit dem piezoelektrischen Modell berichtet. Es wird geschlossen, das das piezoelektrische Feld in der Nahe beweglicher Risse, sowohl die Molekule des Kristalls wie auch des adsorbierten Stickstoffs anregt. Die angeregten Stickstoff-Molekule, die energetisch oberhalb des emittierenden Zustands der Molekule des Kristalls liegen, konnen ihre Energie sehr schnell an den Kristall abgeben bevor die Emission stattfinden kann. In Abhangigkeit vom gesamten oder partiellen Transfer der Energie von den angeregten Stick-stoffmolekulen zu den Kristallmolekulen, konnen die Mechanolumineszenzspektren entweder nur nus der Molekulemission oder aus der Kombination der Molekulemission und Stickstoffemission bestehen. Fur die Kristalle, die keine andere Lumineszenz zeigen, konnen die Mechanolumineszenzspektren nur aus der Stickstoffemission herruhren.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, thin Ni films are evaporated onto Si single crystals and heat treated at 340 °C to yield a layer of Ni2Si on Si. 750 keV Xe atoms are implanted as Kirkendall markers for the moving species in the reactions the sample undergoes upon further heat treatment.
Abstract: Thin Ni films evaporated onto 〈100〉 Si single crystals are heat treated at 340 °C to yield a layer of Ni2Si on Si. 750 keV Xe atoms are implanted to serve as Kirkendall markers for the moving species in the reactions the sample undergoes upon further heat treatment. The Xe distribution is studied by 2 MeV He backscattering. The data indicate that Ni is the most mobile species when the phase NiSi grows. Dunne, auf 〈100〉 Si-Einkristalle aufgedampfte Ni-Schichten werden bei 340 °C getempert, um eine Ni2Si-Schicht auf Si zu erhalten. Darauf werden 750 KeV Xe-Atome implantiert, die als Kirkendall-Markierungen fur wandernde Spezies dienen, die bei den Reaktionen infolge weiterer Temperungsbehandlungen auftreten. Die Xe-Verteilung wird mit 2 MeV-He-Ruckstreumessungen untersucht. Die Werte zeigen, das Ni die beweglichste Spezies ist, wenn sich die NiSi-Phase bildet.



Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a model is proposed which simultaneously takes into account the diffusion and a chemical fixation of dopant molecules along the polyacetylene fibrils, which allows a better comprehension of the observed phenomena than the simple diffusion laws.
Abstract: Polyacetylene (CH)z is a simple conjugated polymeric system, the electrical behaviour of which is considerably modified by doping processes: from an insulating behaviour it successively becomes semi-conducting and even metallic. In this work first the dopant profiles through the sample is measured and the macroscopic diffusion coefficients of iodine and SbF5 is deduced. In the second part of this work a model is proposed which simultaneously take into account the diffusion and a chemical fixation of dopant molecules along the polyacetylene fibrils. Comparison between experimental and computed results shows that this model allows a better comprehension of the observed phenomena than the simple diffusion laws. Le polyacetylene (CH)x est un polymere dont la conductivite electrique est considerablement modifiee par dopage: d'isolant il devient successivement, semiconducteur puis metallique. Dans ce travail nous avons tout d'abord determine quantitativement les profils de concentration en dopant au travers du film et deduit les coefficients de diffusion de l'Iode et du SbF5 dans de materiau. La deuxieme partie de cet article est consacree a l'interpretation theorique des resultats experimentaux, tout d'abord au moyen de la theorie de la diffusion; les resultats n'etant, pas satisfaisants nous proposons un modele base sur deux phenomenes; diffusion du dopant associee a une fixation chimique de ce dernier sur les fibrilles du polymere. Les resultats obtenus montrent que ce modele permet de rendre compte des resultats experimentaux.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the sensitivity of EBIC to the detection of recombination centres is investigated for the cases of point-like and line-shaped defects, and the estimations are compared to both the authors's experimental findings and results from the literature.
Abstract: Estimations of the sensitivity of the steady-state EBIC method to the detection of recombination centres are made for the cases of point-like and line-shaped defects. The estimations are compared to both the authors's experimental findings and results from the literature and come out to be in good correspondence with them: In usual EBIC circuitry, only dislocations having impurity atmospheres with some content of deep centres are detectable. Investigation of recombination centres related to „clean” dislocations, on the other hand, requires a more sensitive detection circuitry (e.g. lock-in technique). The given formulaes may also be used for semi-quantitative analysis of the EBIC contrast. Fur die Falle des Quasipunkt- und Quasiliniendefektes wird eine Abschatzung der Empfindlichkeit der stationaren EBIC-Methode fur den Nachweis von Rekombinationszentren vorgenommen. Die Abschatzungen werden eigenen experimentellen Befunden sowie Resultaten am der Literatur gegenubergestellt und befinden sich mit diesen in guter Ubereinstimmung : Mit herkommlicher EBIC-Elektronik sind nur Versetzungen mit einer tiefe Zentren enthaltenden Verunreinigungsatmosphare nachweisbar. Die Untersuchung der von „sauberen” Veretzungen herruhrenden Rekombinationszentren erfordert dagegen eine empfindlichere Elektronik (z. B. Lock-in-Technik). Die angefuhrten Beziehungen konnen auch zur halbquantitativen Analyse des EBIC-Kontrastes herangezogen werden.


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the order-disorder behavior and the tetragonal distortion of chalcopyrite compounds ABC2 can be described in terms of the difference in electronegativity ΔχAB between the A-C and B-C bonds.
Abstract: The order-disorder behaviour and the tetragonal distortion of chalcopyrite compounds ABC2 can be described in terms of the difference in electronegativity ΔχAB between the A-C and B-C bonds. The difference in electronegativity, defined on the basis of the Pauli-force model potential, is parametrizing the difference between the A-C and B-C interactions. It appears to be possible to give one single relation for the tetragonal distortion as a function of the parameter ΔχAB for the I-III-VI2 and II-IV-V2 chalcopyrites. In addition it appears that chalcopyrites with ΔχAB 0.09 remain in the ordered chalcopyrite structure up to their melting point. Das Ordnungsverhalten und die tetragonale Verzerrung von ABC2 Verbindungen mit Chalkopyrit-Struktur konnen ausgedruckt werden durch die Elektronegativitatsdifferenz zwischen den A-C-und den B-C-Bindungen. Diese Elektronegativitatsdifferenz, ΔχAB, wird auf der Grundlage des Pauli-Model-Potentials berechnet. Es zeigt sich, das fur die I-III-VI2- und II-IV-V2-Verbindungen mit Chalkopyrit-Struktur eine einzige Beziehung zwischen dem Parameter ΔχAB und der tetragonalen Verzerrung angegeben werden kann. Auserdem ergibt sich, das Verbindungen mit ΔχAB 0,09 bis zu ihrem Schmelzpunkt die geordnete Chalkopyrit-Struktur behalten.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors presented experimental results on the out-diffusion of oxygen from Si in the temperature range 900 to 1230°C, where the temperature dependence of the diffusion coefficient as given by Haas is used in this temperature range.
Abstract: Experimental results on the out-diffusion of oxygen from Si in the temperature range 900 to 1230°C are presented. For diffusion lengths ≦ 10 μm it is shown that the oxygen profiles for the Si samples investigated can be described by known theories of out-diffusion, where the temperature dependence of the diffusion coefficient as given by Haas is used in this temperature range. For diffusion lengths ≦ 10 μm an influence of the ambient atmosphere on the oxygen profiles could not be stated. Heat treatments at temperatures of about 450°C are shown to cause already a measurable out-diffusion of oxygen from Si. The analysis of profiles after 120 h heat treatment at 450°C yields a diffusion coefficient of D(450°C) ≈ 2.7 × 10−14 cm2 s−1. Es werden experimentelle Ergebnisse zur Ausdiffusion von Sauerstoff in Silizium im Temperaturbereich 900 bis 1230°C in verschiedenen Medien mitgeteilt. Es wird gezeigt, das sich die erhaltenen Profile fur Diffusionslangen ≦ 10 μm durch bekannte Theorien zur Ausdiffusion beschreiben lassen, wobei die Temperaturabhangigkeit des Diffusionskoeffizienten von Sauerstoff in Silizium nach Haas verwendet werden kann. Ein Medieneinflus auf die Ausdiffusion fur Diffusionslangen ≦ 10 μm bei Verwendung inerter Medien konnte nicht festgestellt werden. Es konnte nachgewiesen werden, das Warmebehandlungen bei 450°C bereits zu einer mesbaren Ausdiffusion von Sauerstoff in Silizium fuhren. Aus der Analyse von Profilen nach 120 h 450°C wird ein Diffusionskoeffizient von D(450°C) ≈ 2,7 × 10−14 cm2 s−1 gefunden.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the structural properties of electroluminescent ZnS films were investigated and the length of coherently diffracting domains (crystallite size) in the direction of the normal obtained from the Fourier analysis of a line profile ranges from 30 to 160 nm.
Abstract: Structural properties of electroluminescent ZnS:Mn thin films emitting yellow light with an external efficiency as high as 2% are investigated. X-ray diffraction patterns show that the ZnS films grown directly on glass or on thin Al2O3 or Ta2O5 substrates (on glass) at 500°C using atomic layer epitaxy method are polycrystalline and mainly hexagonal. They have a strong preferred orientation: one half of the 00.1 plane normals are aligned within 7° from the normal of the glass substrate. The length of coherently diffracting domains (crystallite size) in the direction of the normal obtained from the Fourier analysis of a line profile ranges from 30 to 160 nm. The average relative strain in the same direction is calculated to be 10−3. Es werden Struktureigenschaften elektrolumineszierender dunner ZnS:Mn Schichten, die gelbes Licht mit maximaler auserer Ausbeute von 2% emittieren, untersucht. Rontgenbeugungsdiagramme zeigen, das die direkt auf Glas oder auf dunnen Al2O3-oder Ta2O5-Substraten (aufGlas) bei 500°C mit Hilfe der “atomic layer epitaxy”-Methode gezuchteten Zns-Schichten polykristallin und hauptsachlich hexagonal sind. Sie sind stark orientiert: die Halfte der Normalen der 00.1-Gitterebenen sind innerhalb von 7° zur Normalen des Glassubstrats gerichtet. Die durch Fourier-Analyse eines Linienprofils bestimmte Lange der koharent beugenden domanen in der Richtung der Normalen variiert im Bereich von 30 bis 160 nm. Die berechnete mittlere relative Dehnung in der gleichen Richtung ist 10−3.