Showing papers in "Power Engineering Journal in 2002"
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors summarized the results of some generic studies, explaining the voltage rise issue and how it may be overcome, and proposed methods to counteract voltage rise are primary substation voltage reduction, reactive power import, autotransformers installation, conductor upgrading, and generation constraints.
Abstract: There has been much interest in embedding small generators deep within distribution systems. The steady-state voltage rise resulting from the connection of these generators can be a major obstacle to their connection at the lower voltage levels. This article summarises the results of some generic studies, explaining this voltage rise issue and how it may be overcome. Methods discussed to counteract voltage rise are primary substation voltage reduction, reactive power import, autotransformers installation, conductor upgrading, and generation constraints.
660 citations
TL;DR: In developing countries, small hydro projects producing power outputs in the range 1-10 kW are gaining popularity, particularly as isolated power supply schemes for village electrification as discussed by the authors, and these small generating plants supply power to remote locations where utility power is well out of reach.
Abstract: In developing countries, small hydro projects producing power outputs in the range 1-10 kW are gaining popularity, particularly as isolated power supply schemes for village electrification. These small generating plants supply power to remote locations where utility power is well out of reach. Consumer loads connected to these small hydro schemes are normally single-phase lighting loads. Therefore generators that produce single-phase output are used, partly due to the lower cost of single-phase distribution lines.
112 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors describe how all phenomena that have this characteristic are difficult to analyse and how when a major problem has not happened for a long time, there is a natural tendency to wonder if the security measures are not too strict.
Abstract: Incidents on the electricity transmission system have a low probability but a high impact. The author describes how all phenomena that have this characteristic are difficult to analyse. When a major problem has not happened for a long time, there is a natural tendency to wonder if the security measures are not too strict.
91 citations
TL;DR: A condition monitoring architecture is described that supports the capture and interpretation of diagnostic data, and provides engineers with meaningful diagnostic advice using intelligent system technologies.
Abstract: Condition monitoring of power transformers is a significant issue for electrical utilities. Research has demonstrated the efficacy of employing ultra high frequency measurement of partial discharge in the monitoring of transformers. A condition monitoring architecture is described that supports the capture and interpretation of diagnostic data, and provides engineers with meaningful diagnostic advice using intelligent system technologies.
70 citations
TL;DR: The unbundling of the generation and transmission functions in England and Wales into separate shareholder-owned companies has inevitably resulted in far less predictability in terms of generator siting and closure as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: The unbundling of the generation and transmission functions in England and Wales into separate shareholder-owned companies has inevitably resulted in far less predictability in terms of generator siting and closure. National Grid, as the sole transmission company in England and Wales, is required to plan and respond quickly to changing system patterns to maintain both security and power quality standards. This has been achieved by an extensive programme of investment in reactive compensation. To supplement the existing fixed static VAr compensators installed in the last 10-15 years, National Grid has, to date, installed a further 12 relocatable SVCs at sites in England and Wales as part of a planned programme of work to meet these changing system needs.
65 citations
TL;DR: The use of TCP/IP technology can overcome the limitations of analogue communications, allow the network to be more flexible in terms of expansion and reconfiguration, and have higher bandwidth potential whilst retaining the qualities essential for SCADA operations.
Abstract: Traditional SCADA systems for electricity utilities rely on data transmission over fixed analogue circuits and modems. This method has been satisfactory over the years but it is becoming obsolete and unsuited to today's requirements. The use of TCP/IP technology can overcome the limitations of analogue communications, allow the network to be more flexible in terms of expansion and reconfiguration, and have higher bandwidth potential whilst retaining the qualities essential for SCADA operations.
53 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors evaluate technical losses in transmission and distribution systems, present results of technical loss estimation in South Africa's grid network, and discuss issues of loss minimisation and economic dispatch under a deregulated electricity supply industry.
Abstract: The global trend of reform in the electricity supply industry can be attributed to several factors, such as: the introduction of competition in the industry as a means of providing lower energy prices; consumer demand for price transparency and regulation of cross-subsidies among different users; need for higher energy efficiency in technical systems of utilities; significant growth in energy demand especially in developing countries; and pressure on governments to raise funds for social services, balance budgets and to carry out economic reform. Lower technical losses will provide for cheaper electricity and lower production costs, with a positive influence on economic growth. This article evaluates technical losses in transmission and distribution systems, presents results of technical loss estimation in South Africa's grid network, and discusses issues of loss minimisation and economic dispatch under a deregulated electricity supply industry.
40 citations
TL;DR: In this article, an overview of the capacitor commutated converter is given, emphasising its applications in long-cable HVDC transmission schemes, and a critical assessment of its performance is presented using a developed steady-state formulation as well as a transient simulation based analysis.
Abstract: An overview of the capacitor commutated converter is given, emphasising its applications in long-cable HVDC transmission schemes. Its advantages and disadvantages in comparison with the conventional HVDC Graetz bridge converter are identified, and a critical assessment of its performance is presented using a developed steady-state formulation as well as a transient simulation based analysis.
37 citations
TL;DR: The Power Electronics, Machines and Drives Conference (PEMD) as discussed by the authors was the first event to merge the two technical conferences into a single event, which was held at the University of Bath on the 16th-18th April 2002.
Abstract: The IEE has a long tradition of running successful conferences in the key power areas of electrical machines, power electronics and drives. For almost 20 years now these have been focused into two high-quality bi-annual conferences: 'Electrical machines and drives' and 'Power electronics and variable speed drives'. Trends in the underlying technologies have brought the subject areas of these conferences closer together along with their practitioners. The IEE therefore believes that it can best meet the needs of both communities by merging the conferences into a single event-Power Electronics, Machines and Drives Conference (PEMD). The first PEMD Conference will be held at the University of Bath on the 16th-18th April 2002.The purpose of this article is to address the question of why these two technical conferences should be brought together.
19 citations
TL;DR: The second generation gas-insulated line (GIL) is one technical solution to allow the transmission of electricity under ground at high transmission ratings as discussed by the authors, and the cost reduction of the second-generation GIL compared to the first generation, and the increased productivity in laying of GIL directly buried or in a tunnel, makes the GIL a high power rating underground transmission solution for the future.
Abstract: Environmental requirements make it necessary to build underground transmission systems in special areas with special requirements. Limiting values for the use of overhead lines could be magnetic field restrictions, or just visibility of the overhead line, or limited space. The gas-insulated line (GIL) is one technical solution to allow the transmission of electricity under ground at high transmission ratings. The cost reduction of the second-generation GIL compared to the first generation, and the increased productivity in laying of GIL directly buried or in a tunnel, makes the GIL a high power rating underground transmission solution for the future.
19 citations
TL;DR: The AC interconnection of both electricity networks brings benefits to each company in the form of sharing the generation reserves, facilitating the liberalising of the electricity market in the island of Ireland and generally improving the quality and continuity of electricity to their respective customers as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: NIE is the electricity transmission and distribution company for Northern Ireland, and the ESB is the electricity generating, transmission and distribution company for the Republic of Ireland. The AC interconnection of both electricity networks brings benefits to each company in the form of sharing the generation reserves, facilitating the liberalising of the electricity market in the island of Ireland and generally improving the quality and continuity of electricity to their respective customers.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present state-of-the-art techniques in power industry restructuring and deregulation, as well as practical examples of changes in load forecasting techniques and methods.
Abstract: Description: The restructuring and deregulation of the power utility industry is resulting in significant competitive, technological and regulatory changes. Independent power producers, power marketers and brokers have added a new and significant dimension to the task of maintaining a reliable electric system. Power System Restructuring and Deregulation provides comprehensive coverage of the technological advances, which have helped redesign the ways in which utility companies manage their business. With the aid of practical case studies, an international panel of contributors address the most up to date problems and their solutions in a cohesive manner, making this book indispensable to graduates and engineers in the power industry field.-Presents state of the art techniques in power industry restructuring-Includes applications of new technology in power industry deregulation-Includes practical examples of changes in load forecasting techniques and methods-International contributors offer a global perspective detailing power utility restructuring and deregulation from various countries Contents: Energy Generation under the New Environment
TL;DR: In this article, the basic ideas of cable monitoring and principles of now available "RTTR-temperature monitoring" and "water penetration monitoring" are introduced, which promise more flexibility and lower cost.
Abstract: Reliability and economy of energy cables are most important for future power distribution. Several cable plants with new monitoring techniques are already in operation, which promise more flexibility and lower cost. The basic ideas of cable monitoring and principles of now available 'RTTR-temperature monitoring' and 'water penetration monitoring' are introduced.
TL;DR: In this paper, the demands and expectations made by the draft standard IEC 61972/CDV have not been fulfilled in practice, and the relevant characteristic for electric motors when comparing the energy consumption of different-besides the efficiency class is the numerical value of the nominal efficiency.
Abstract: The relevant characteristic for electric motors when comparing the energy consumption of different-besides the efficiency class-is the numerical value of the nominal efficiency. Therefore clear definitions, methods for proving them and prescribed tolerances are of special importance. However, as this article explains, the demands and expectations made by the draft standard IEC 61972/CDV have not been fulfilled in practice.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors discuss the UK radioactive waste inventory and its management, including the UK nuclear waste policy, and the UK's radioactive waste storage, as well as its management.
Abstract: Of all the aspects of nuclear power in the UK, none is so contentious or so pivotal as the issue of nuclear waste and its management. While there is no immediate cause for alarm, a huge amount of improvement is needed if the UK's custody of its radioactive waste is to become a programmed and prosecuted success. This paper discusses the UK radioactive waste inventory, UK radioactive waste policy, and radioactive waste storage.
TL;DR: The Engineering Recommendation G5/4 as mentioned in this paper gives the UK requirements for the connection of nonlinear equipment to the public electricity supply system and its objective is to ensure that the levels of harmonics are maintained below the compatibility levels so that other equipment connected to the supply system will not maloperate or fail prematurely.
Abstract: Nonlinear equipment connected to an electricity supply system causes harmonic distortion of the voltage waveform. This distortion can adversely affect consumers' equipment and so it is necessary to limit the levels of harmonics. Engineering Recommendation G5/4 gives the UK requirements for the connection of nonlinear equipment to the public electricity supply system. Its objective is to ensure that the levels of harmonics are maintained below the compatibility levels so that other equipment connected to the supply system will not maloperate or fail prematurely.
TL;DR: The Moyle Interconnector as discussed by the authors is an HVDC interconnector between Northern Ireland Electricity and Scottish Power in the south-east of Scotland, which started commercial operation at the beginning of 2001.
Abstract: Northern Ireland Electricity signed agreements in 1990 with Scottish Power, its counterpart in the south of Scotland, for the construction of an HVDC interconnector, known as the Moyle Interconnector, between the companies' transmission systems After a protracted period in which all the necessary consents were obtained, contracts have been awarded and, following a construction period of only 27 months, the interconnector started commercial operation at the beginning of 2001
TL;DR: There is a need for an innovative program of stakeholder and public involvement in the formulation and periodic review of energy policy as mentioned in this paper, which is essential for securing the level of public support that will be required for a transition to a low carbon economy.
Abstract: There is a need for an innovative programme of stakeholder and public involvement in the formulation and periodic review of energy policy. This is essential for securing the level of public support that will be required for a transition to a low carbon economy. More specifically, if Government wants new nuclear power stations to be part of this economy, it must first ensure that new build has widespread public support.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors provide a high-level view of the electricity industry and the effects of reform in the industry since privatisation, and the impact of this reform from the perspective of the National Grid is discussed with reference to system design and operation.
Abstract: This presentation provides a high-level view of the electricity industry and the effects of reform in the industry since privatisation. The impact of this reform from the perspective of the England and Wales transmission system operator (National Grid) is discussed with reference to system design and operation. Issues raised include interconnection with other systems and the future prospects of renewable energy.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: In this article, a review of recent UK regulatory determinations of the cost of capital shows unnecessary risk in the regulatory process; this article calls for investment in a common, less subjective UK regulatory approach to calculating the cost.
Abstract: The 'cost of capital' is an important figure for the UK's regulated industries: in part it determines billions of pounds of customer bills, investor returns and stock market value. This article reviews and applies finance theory to arrive at a current range for the DNOs' cost of capital. The midpoint of the resultant range, 7·5%, is significantly higher than the 6·5% currently set by OFGEM, which implies that the DNOs are not being allowed to make sufficient returns to compensate their investors for the risks associated with an electricity distribution business. A review of recent UK regulatory determinations of the cost of capital shows unnecessary risk in the regulatory process; this article calls for investment in a common, less subjective UK regulatory approach to calculating the cost of capital.
TL;DR: A review of the issues behind a long-term energy strategy is an exercise to be welcomed; many would argue that it is long overdue as mentioned in this paper, however, since the privatisation of the gas and electricity industries this has been resisted on the basis that it was for the market to decide.
Abstract: Undertaking a review of the issues behind a long-term energy strategy is an exercise to be welcomed; many would argue that it is long overdue. A number of the major engineering institutions have taken every conceivable opportunity to recommend to the UK Government that it should look at energy in the round. However, since the privatisation of the gas and electricity industries this has been resisted on the basis that it was for the market to decide. Thus this study represents a significant change in attitude and the period of public consultation will allow different views to be voiced.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors discuss improvements to the AGR/PWR fleet performance, nuclear waste management, environmental cost issues, and the future of nuclear energy in the UK.
Abstract: It is now 50 years since the decision was made to embark on the programme to build the world's first commercial-scale nuclear power station at Calder Hall. With the UK Government's current Energy Policy Review in full swing, the energy profile for the next 50 years is being mapped. So now is an opportune time to consider the lessons learnt from the past and to discuss how we can use these as a springboard for the ongoing success of our industry. The author discusses improvements to the AGR/PWR fleet performance, nuclear waste management, environmental cost issues, and the future of nuclear energy in the UK.