Showing papers in "Quarterly Journal of Speech in 1978"
TL;DR: The authors explored the assumptions underlying the role of values in rhetorical interactions, the meaning of logic in relation to good reasons, a reconceptualization of "good reasons", implementation of a "logic of 'good reasons'", and the uses of hierarchies of values to assess rhetorical reasoning.
Abstract: This essay explores the assumptions underlying the role of values in rhetorical interactions, the meaning of “logic” in relation to “good reasons,” a reconceptualization of “good reasons,” implementation of a “logic of ‘good reasons’,” and the uses of hierarchies of values in assessing rhetorical reasoning.
110 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a model of stories as judgment devices illustrates the communicational bases of justice and judgment and raises the possibility that there are common structural elements in cognition, communication, and forms of social action.
Abstract: Criminal trials require jurors to make sophisticated judgments about complex information. The absence of formal guidelines for making these judgments suggests that some more basic communication process must underlie the formal discourse of trial. Storytelling is the everyday practice that organizes information and guides the interpretation and judgment processses. A model of stories as judgment devices illustrates the communicational bases of justice and judgment and raises the possibility that there are common structural elements in cognition, communication, and forms of social action.
108 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a new perspective, the discriminative fulfillment approach, was developed to overcome the shortcomings of need gratification, expectation fulfillment, equivocality reduction, and constraint-reinforcement conceptualizations for the satisfaction construct.
Abstract: Need gratification, expectation fulfillment, equivocality reduction, and constraint‐reinforcement conceptualizations have been proposed for the satisfaction construct. Analysis and application of these perspectives to communication satisfaction reveal a number of serious shortcomings. A new perspective, the discriminative fulfillment approach, was developed to overcome these problems. The perspective defines satisfaction as the reinforcement of behavior associated with discriminative stimuli and suggests the investigation of performing and perceiving discriminative stimuli and producing appropriate behaviors and reinforcement.
94 citations
TL;DR: The authors identify four defining characteristics of a dialogic approach to communication and argue that each can be grounded in a key aspect of Husserlian phenomenology, existential phenomenology or philosophical anthropology.
Abstract: This essay identifies four defining characteristics of a dialogic approach to communication and argues that each can be grounded in a key aspect of Husserlian phenomenology, existential phenomenology, or philosophical anthropology. The essay also suggests that the most pressing challenge for scholars of dialogic communication is to explore views of language developed in the works of Heidegger, Gadamer, and Buber.
94 citations
TL;DR: In this article, an autonomous scientific ideology for the social sciences, including communication, is suggested, defined as any symbolic construction of the world in whose superordinate "name" human beings can comprehensively order their experience and subsume their specific activities.
Abstract: Defined as any symbolic construction of the world in whose superordinate “name” human beings can comprehensively order their experience and subsume their specific activities, ideologizing is presented as the function of innate intra‐ and interpersonal categorizing of experience. Ideologies are seen to flourish in open systems and to decline in closed ones. Classical conceptions of science illustrate the process, to the end that an autonomous scientific ideology for the social sciences, including communication, is suggested.
60 citations
TL;DR: A basic factor of Chaim Perelman's rhetorical theory is the concept of the universal audience, which is open to many of the same criticisms leveled against the general will and the categorical imperative as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: A basic factor of Chaim Perelman's rhetorical theory is the concept of the universal audience. Unfortunately, the concept of the universal audience, which follows in the tradition of Rousseau's general will and Kant's categorical imperative, is open to many of the same criticisms leveled against the general will and the categorical imperative.
56 citations
TL;DR: The authors view rhetorical methods as universal, rulegoverned, and productive of knowledge having normative force, and conceptualize them as developing within a social-symbolic sphere of methods, subject matters, derivations, applications, and reflexives.
Abstract: Some problems concerning the nature and scope of rhetoric‐including its relation to human knowledge—may be clarified by viewing rhetorical methods as (a) universal, (b) rule‐governed, and (c) productive of knowledge having normative force Knowledge may be conceptualized as developing within a social‐symbolic sphere of methods, subject matters, derivations, applications, and reflexives
41 citations
TL;DR: The authors suggests that our insistence on "sticking to the issues" in political argument is an ideological commitment rather than the dictum of logic and suggests that the idea originated in an eighteenth-century maxim and was institutionalized through the example of the Earl of Chatham.
Abstract: This essay suggests that our insistence on “sticking to the issues” in political argument is an ideological commitment rather than the dictum of logic. The idea originated in an eighteenth‐century maxim and was institutionalized through the example of the Earl of Chatham. Edmund Burke's alternative criterion of decision, derived from public evaluation of a Leader's “image,” is used to expose the dubious, perhaps dangerous, quality of our contemporary dedication to “issue"‐oriented political argument.
33 citations
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TL;DR: In this paper, a reconsideration of social knowledge is made to resolve ambiguities related to the original project, and three regions of dispute fostered by the initial essay are examined and explained: first, the definition of Social Knowledge; second, the issue of form; third, the problem of normative impact.
Abstract: In this reconsideration of social knowledge, an attempt is made to resolve ambiguities related to the original project. Three regions of dispute fostered by the initial essay are examined and explained: first, the definition of social knowledge; second, the issue of form; third, the problem of normative impact.
31 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the nature and functions of conflict, its role with regard to fundamental individual and social life processes, and its theoretical relationship to communication are explored from a system-theoretic perspective.
Abstract: The nature and functions of conflict, its role with regard to fundamental individual and social life processes, and its theoretical relationship to communication are explored from a system‐theoretic perspective. Based upon this framework, a distinction between conflict and para‐conflict is indicated, and it is suggested that the latter is characteristically the object of study in speech and communication.
29 citations
TL;DR: The authors argue that the ritualistic deposition of corrupt politicians is based on a sociolinguistic process of assigning meanings to acts, a dialectical process of contrapositioning competing voices, and a ceremonial process of acting out the drama of purgation before the affected institutions and/or the society at large.
Abstract: Although political corruption has been examined within a political‐institutional context by political scientists and economists, few scholars have investigated the social‐rhetorical roots, manifestations, and functions of the public discourse surrounding such acts. This essay argues that the ritualistic deposition of corrupters is based in a sociolinguistic process of assigning meanings to acts, a dialectical process of contrapositioning competing voices, and a ceremonial process of acting out the drama of purgation before the affected institutions and/or the society at large.
TL;DR: In this paper, the nature of accountability is discussed dramatistically, and the relationships among codes, accountability, and ethical charges/defenses are discussed in terms of argumentative stases.
Abstract: To understand demands that political office holders be held increasingly accountable for their action requires an understanding of ethical codes generally. The nature of accountability is discussed dramatistically, and the relationships among codes, accountability, and ethical charges/defenses are discussed in terms of argumentative stases. The discussions suggest a method of descriptive analysis for argumentation about political (and other) accountability. That method is illustrated in a brief critique of the positions of the major Watergate witnesses.
TL;DR: Gadamer as discussed by the authors presented the truth and method by Hans-Georg Gadamer New York: The Seabury Press, 1975; pp xxvi+551 $2250.
Abstract: TRUTH AND METHOD By Hans‐Georg Gadamer New York: The Seabury Press, 1975; pp xxvi+551 $2250
TL;DR: A phenomenon of the 1970's, the growth of feminist theatres is an example of a grassroots movement seldom witnessed in the American theatre as mentioned in this paper, and the formation and the characteristics of these groups can be explained by analyzing the groups as tactical responses to certain rhetorical problems faced by women's liberationists.
Abstract: A phenomenon of the 1970's, the growth of feminist theatres is an example of a grassroots movement seldom witnessed in the American theatre. Both the formation and the characteristics of feminist theatres can be explained by analyzing the groups as tactical responses to certain rhetorical problems faced by women's liberationists.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors attempt to increase our understanding of Plato's views on rhetoric by associating them with his developing psychology, and trace the genesis of his conflict psychology and document the influence of this genesis on his discussion of rhetoric in the Gorgias and Phaedrus.
Abstract: This essay attempts to increase our understanding of Plato's views on rhetoric by associating them with his developing psychology. In his early “Socratic” period, Plato endorsed a “cognitive” psychology; but in his middle period, he adopted a “conflict” psychology. This essay (1) traces the genesis of his conflict psychology, and (2) documents the influence of this genesis on his discussion of rhetoric in the Gorgias and Phaedrus.
TL;DR: The composing process is analogous to universal evolutionary processes in which an original, amorphous, undifferentiated whole gradually evolves into a more complex, differentiated whole.
Abstract: The composing process is analogous to universal evolutionary processes in which an original, amorphous, undifferentiated whole gradually evolves into a more complex, differentiated whole. It repeats in microcosm the history of the evolution of consciousness. (This process is perhaps only an example of the larger language organizing behavior that has evolved in human beings.) The work of scholars in completely different fields reveals striking parallels that mirror these larger evolutionary processes.
TL;DR: This article explored the relationship between form and fact in Richard Weaver's theory of truth and revealed that reliance on analogic form allowed Weaver's arguments to function externally as if empirically grounded and internally in the analytic fashion of logico-mathematical reasoning.
Abstract: The rhetorical problem of concretizing the ideal is explored via the relationship between form and fact in Richard Weaver's theory of truth. The investigation reveals that reliance on analogic form permits Weaver's arguments to function externally as if empirically grounded and internally in the analytic fashion of logico‐mathematical reasoning. Explication of Weaver's rhetorical method suggests that analogic structure, example, and analogy are fundamental ways of rhetorical knowing.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors argue that silence is sometimes preferable to participation when it avoids confirming the efforts of those who seek social control and that representatives of oppressed minority groups must decide whether and how to participate in such discussion without inadvertantly supporting their oppressors.
Abstract: Each act of participation in the discussion of social issues has rhetorical potential. Consequently, representatives of oppressed minority groups must decide whether and how to participate in such discussion without inadvertantly supporting their oppressors. Silence is sometimes preferable to participation—when it avoids confirming the efforts of those who seek social control. Such was the circumstance in 1895: a time for silence.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examine four necessary links in the falsification of rules propositions from an action perspective, which are an extension of the "covering law" criteria adapted to a recent empirical conception of rules.
Abstract: The introduction of pluralistic alternatives for communication theory is accompanied by a responsibility for specification of falsification criteria. This essay examines four necessary links in the falsification of rules propositions from an action perspective. The criteria suggested are an extension of the “covering law” criteria, which are adapted to a recent empirical conception of rules.
TL;DR: In this paper, the rhetorical aftermath discovered when a pressure group consistently failed to achieve its end is examined. The rhetoric examined is that of "popular" atheists in the United States, and it is shown that ostracism seems to cause such persons to exhibit lack of confidence, confusion, anger, and desperation.
Abstract: This paper reports the rhetorical aftermath discovered when a pressure group consistently failed to achieve its end. The rhetoric examined is that of “popular” atheists in the United States. Psychologically speaking, ostracism seems to cause such persons to exhibit lack of confidence, confusion, anger, and desperation. These psychological states translate into (1) rhetorical dependency, (2) the development of an inappropriate rhetorical philosophy, and the production of (3) denunciatory and (4) frenetic discourse.
TL;DR: In this article, Erlbaum et al. present a survey of the Discourse Processes: Advances in Research and Theory, Volume I, Section 7, Section 5.1.
Abstract: LANGUAGE, MEMORY, AND THOUGHT. By John R. Anderson. Hillsdale, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1976; pp. xiii+ 546. $19.95. DISCOURSE PRODUCTION AND COMPREHENSION. Edited by Roy O. Freedle. Norwood, New Jersey: Ablex Publishing Corporation, 1977; pp. xix+345. Volume I of Discourse Processes: Advances in Research and Theory. $17.50. COGNITIVE PROCESSES IN COMPREHENSION. Edited by Marcel Adam Just and Patricia A. Carpenter. Hillsdale, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1977; pp. xi+ 329. $18.00. LANGUAGE AND PERCEPTION. By George A. Miller and Philip N. Johnson‐Laird. Cambridge: Belknap Press (Harvard University Press), 1976; pp. viii+760. $20.00. EXPLORATIONS IN COGNITION. By Donald A. Norman, David E. Rumelhart, and the LNR Research Group. San Francisco: W. H. Freeman and Company, 1975; pp. xvi+ 430. $15.00. SCRIPTS, PLANS, GOALS, AND UNDERSTANDING: AN INQUIRY INTO HUMAN KNOWLEDGE STRUCTURES. By Roger C. Schank and Robert P. Abelson. Hillsdale, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1977;...
TL;DR: The authors identified and categorized student perceptions of sexism and asked respondents to describe critical incidents involving sexism and to supply words and phrases, nonverbal behaviors, and media representations which they interpreted as sexist.
Abstract: This study sought to identify and categorize student perceptions of sexism. Respondents were asked to describe critical incidents involving sexism and to supply words and phrases, nonverbal behaviors, and media representations which they interpreted as sexist. Responses were content analyzed, and general hypotheses about the ways sex of respondent and sex of target affected the number and type of responses were tested.
TL;DR: Using research by Martin Joos and John J. Gumperz to develop a perspective for rhetorical analysis, the article contends that Carter's final remarks in his Playboy interview reflect an ineffective sociolinguistic code shift to a stylistic level inappropriate to Carter as public personality and as presidential candidate as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: Using research by Martin Joos and John J. Gumperz to develop a perspective for rhetorical analysis, the article contends that Carter's final remarks in his Playboy interview reflect an ineffective sociolinguistic code shift to a stylistic level inappropriate to Carter as public personality and as presidential candidate.
TL;DR: The substance, placement, and form of Machiavelli's arguments in the Art of War specifically indicate his consciousness of traditional rhetorical methods and comprise a Renaissance commentary on the ideal union of wisdom and eloquence as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: Machiavelli's humanistic apprehension of manly virtue generally suggests his intellectual debt to classical rhetoric. The substance, placement, and form of Machiavelli's arguments in the Art of War specifically indicate his consciousness of traditional rhetorical methods and comprise a Renaissance commentary on the ideal union of wisdom and eloquence.
TL;DR: Chaffee, Steven H., ed. the authors, the authors The UNSEEING EYE: The Myth of TELEVISION POWER in NATIONAL POLITICS. New York: Putnam, 1976; $7.95.
Abstract: Chaffee, Steven H., ed. POLITICAL COMMUNICATION: ISSUES AND STRATEGIES FOR RESEARCH. Beverly Hills, California: Sage Publications, 1975; $18.50, paper $7.50. Chisman, Forrest P. ATTITUDE PSYCHOLOGY AND THE STUDY OF PUBLIC OPINION. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1976; $13.50. Kraus, Sidney, and Davis, Dennis. THE EFFECTS OF MASS COMMUNICATION ON POLITICAL BEHAVIOR. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1976; $16.50, paper $7.95. Mendelsohn, Harold, and O'Keefe, Garrett J. THE PEOPLE CHOOSE A PRESIDENT: INFLUENCES ON VOTER DECISION MAKING. New York: Praeger, 1976; $18.50. Nie, Norman H.; Verba, Sidney; and Petrocik, John R. THE CHANGING AMERICAN VOTER. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1976; paper $5.95. Patterson, Thomas E., and McClure, Robert D. THE UNSEEING EYE: THE MYTH OF TELEVISION POWER IN NATIONAL POLITICS. New York: Putnam, 1976; $7.95:
TL;DR: The LANGUAGE AND LOGIC OF PHILOSOPHY as discussed by the authors is a PHENOMENOLOGY OF SOUND, which is a collection of essays from the PhE NOMENology of languages.
Abstract: THE LANGUAGE AND LOGIC OF PHILOSOPHY. By Hubert G. Alexander. Albuquerque: The University of New Mexico Press, 1972; pp. x+362. Paper $4.95. SEMANTICS. VOLS. I AND II. By John Lyons. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1977; pp. I: xiii+371, II: xiv+372–897. I: 124.95, paper §7.95; II: $31.50, paper $8.95. SPEAKING AND MEANING: THE PHE NOMENOLOGY OF LANGUAGE. By James M. Edie. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1976; pp. xiii+271. $12.50. EXPERIMENTAL PHENOMENOLOGY: AN INTRODUCTION. By Don Ihde. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1977; pp. 155. $7.95. LISTENING AND VOICE: A PHENOMENOLOGY OF SOUND. By Don Ihde. Athens: Ohio University Press, 1976; pp. x+ 188. $12.00. SYSTEM AND STRUCTURE: ESSAYS IN COMMUNICATION AND EXCHANGE. By Anthony Wilden. New York: Harper & Row Publishers, Inc.; Barnes and Noble (Import) Division, 1977; pp. xxx+540. Paper $14.50. A THEORY OF SEMIOTICS. By Umberto Eco. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1976; pp. ix+354. $15.00.
Abstract: The Enlightenment inspired among the Spanish fundamental revisions in rhetorical theory. Restatements of classical dogma, prevalent in the early eighteenth century, gradually diminished and were replaced by a stylistic, belletristic, and ultimately modern conception of rhetoric.
TL;DR: Thomas Reid was familiar with diverse rhetorical theories, but he believed all eloquence displays immutable fundamental rules as mentioned in this paper, and he identified the principles to which he was committed in his philosophy of rhetoric, including his classification of knowledge, emphasis on artistic expression and theory of natural signification.
Abstract: Thomas Reid was familiar with diverse rhetorical theories, but he believed all eloquence displays immutable fundamental rules. This essay examines his philosophy of rhetoric and identifies the principles to which he was committed. These include his classification of knowledge, emphasis on artistic expression, and theory of natural signification.
TL;DR: The authors examines the critical treatment of business in six late nineteenth century plays by two successful American playwrights, Bronson Howard and Augustus Thomas, and analyzes the elements of character and dramatic conflict arising from the antibusiness theme.
Abstract: This essay examines the critical treatment of business in six late nineteenth century plays by two successful American playwrights, Bronson Howard and Augustus Thomas, and analyzes the elements of character and dramatic conflict arising from the antibusiness theme.
TL;DR: The rhetorical appeal of the novel as a symbolic response to contemporary American racial tensions is explicated through an examination of its strategic ramifications as a "meditation on history" and its sociopsychological implications with respect to violence, self-definition, and social reform.
Abstract: The rhetorical appeal of Styron's novel as a symbolic response to contemporary American racial tensions is explicated through an examination of its strategic ramifications as a “meditation on history” and its sociopsychological implications with respect to violence, self‐definition, and social reform.