Showing papers in "Reviews of Modern Physics in 1971"
TL;DR: In this article, the Bethe theory has been updated with a number of new developments which need to be included in that body of material, such as the ${z}^{3}$ effect and the stopping power for particles at extreme relativistic energies.
Abstract: Since the appearance of the title paper, a number of new developments have occurred which need to be included in that body of material. We present additional remarks and clarifications which supplement and update numerous aspects of the Bethe theory discussed in the earlier paper. We also bring the bibliography up to date. Plasma stopping power, the ${z}^{3}$ effect, and stopping power for particles at extreme relativistic energies are among the new topics included. We make several comments on Fano's earlier review article, Ann. Rev. Nucl. Sci. 13, 1 (1963).
1,233 citations
801 citations
TL;DR: A review of methods used to set a limit on the mass of a photon can be found in this article, where the authors show that for an experiment confined in dimensions D, effects of finite σ = σ 1 σ 2 σ 3 σ 4 σ 5 σ 6 σ 0.
Abstract: We give a review of methods used to set a limit on the mass $\ensuremath{\mu}$ of the photon. Direct tests for frequency dependence of the speed of light are discussed, along with more sensitive techniques which test Coulomb's Law and its analog in magnetostatics. The link between dynamic and static implications of finite $\ensuremath{\mu}$ is deduced from a set of postulates that make Proca's equations the unique generalization of Maxwell's. We note one hallowed postulate, that of energy conservation, which may be tested severely using pulsar signals. We present the merits of the old methods and of possible new experiments, and discuss other physical implications of finite $\ensuremath{\mu}$. A simple theorem is proved: For an experiment confined in dimensions D, effects of finite $\ensuremath{\mu}$ are of order ${(\ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{D})}^{2}$---there is no "resonance" as the oscillation frequency $\ensuremath{\omega}$ approaches $\ensuremath{\mu}$ ($\ensuremath{\hbar}=c=1$). The best results from past experiments are (a) terrestrial measurements of $c$ at different frequencies $\ensuremath{\mu}\ensuremath{\le}2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}43}\mathrm{g}\ensuremath{\equiv}7\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}6}{\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}\ensuremath{\equiv}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}10} \mathrm{eV}$ (b) measurements of radio dispersion in pulsar signals (whistler effect) $\ensuremath{\mu}\ensuremath{\le}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}44}\mathrm{g}\ensuremath{\equiv}3\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}7}{\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}\ensuremath{\equiv}6\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}12} \mathrm{eV}$ (c) laboratory tests of Coulomb's law $\ensuremath{\mu}\ensuremath{\le}2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}47}\mathrm{g}\ensuremath{\equiv}6\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}10}{\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}\ensuremath{\equiv}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}14} \mathrm{eV}$ (d) limits on a constant "external" magnetic field at the earth's surface $\ensuremath{\mu}\ensuremath{\le}4\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}48}\mathrm{g}\ensuremath{\equiv}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}10}{\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}\ensuremath{\equiv}3\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}15} \mathrm{eV}.$ Observations of the Galactic magnetic field could improve the limit dramatically.
301 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the configuration assignments for the known energy levels of the odd-$A$ deformed nuclei in the mass range of $150lAl190$ have been systematically reviewed.
Abstract: The configuration assignments for the known energy levels of the odd-$A$ deformed nuclei in the mass range $150lAl190$ have been systematically reviewed. For each nucleus, a summary is given of the intrinsic states that are considered well identified, and the main arguments that support particular assignments are outlined. A discussion is presented of the theoretical framework used in the analysis which is basically the Nilsson single-particle model with pairing correlations and Coriolis coupling taken into account, and with appropriate consideration given to vibrational excitations and their mixing with the one-quasiparticle states. Energy systematics are shown for the one-quasiparticle excitations and for the gamma-vibrational excitations (most of which have significant one-quasiparticle admixtures), and these systematics are discussed in terms of current theory.
220 citations
TL;DR: Experiments relating to measurements of total and momentum transfer cross sections for the scattering of low-energy electrons by atoms and diatomic molecules are critically reviewed in this article, where principal emphasis is placed upon the Ramsauer method, dc swarms, and crossed-beams experiments, although other techniques including differential measurements are also discussed.
Abstract: Experiments relating to measurements of total and momentum-transfer cross sections for the scattering of low-energy electrons by atoms and diatomic molecules are critically reviewed. Principal emphasis is placed upon the Ramsauer method, dc swarms, and crossed-beams experiments, which account for the bulk of the reliable data in the literature although other techniques including differential measurements are also discussed. The theories of the various methods and possible sources of error are discussed. The case of low-energy electron scattering by helium is exhaustively reviewed since this system has been most intensively studied experimentally and is particularly amenable as well to theoretical calculations. The best available cross section values, along with comments on individual experiments, are presented in several tables.
179 citations
161 citations
132 citations
107 citations
TL;DR: Experimental techniques for differential, total and momentum transfer electron-molecule scattering cross sections at low electron energies, discussing rotational excitation are described in this article. But the experimental results are limited.
Abstract: Experimental techniques for differential, total and momentum transfer electron-molecule scattering cross sections at low electron energies, discussing rotational excitation
100 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the ground-state energy of a many-fermion system is derived from the many-body Schrodinger equation via perturbation theory, and the analytic singularities of the energy function are analyzed, and procedures designed to avoid or overcome them.
Abstract: Calculational procedures are developed for the ground-state energy of a many-fermion system. The entire theory is developed from the many-body Schr\"odinger equation via perturbation theory. The linked cluster expansion is derived by elementary methods. The analytic singularities of the energy function are analyzed, and procedures designed to avoid or overcome them. Results for the calculation of the energy in the presence of a purely repulsive two-body force are reviewed, and the situation is found to be reasonably satisfactory, though good results are restricted to weak potentials when the system is not dilute. Results for an attractive potential surrounding a strongly repulsive core are reviewed, and procedures discribed for calculations in this case. A sample calculation with an assessment of the probable errors is reviewed.
93 citations
TL;DR: A review of the properties of leptons, mesons, and baryons is presented in this article, where data are evaluated, listed, averaged, and summarized in tables.
Abstract: This review of the properties of leptons, mesons, and baryons is an updating of Review of Particle Properties, Particle Data Group (Phys. Letters 39B, No. 1 (1972)). Data are evaluated, listed, averaged, and summarized in tables. A data booklet is also available.
TL;DR: A survey of results on analyticity and asymptotic growth that follow from axiomatic quantum field theory is given in this article, with a discussion of the Pomeranchuk theorem and of experimental and theoretical results that would hold if it were violated.
Abstract: This review gives a survey of the following topics: (i) results on analyticity and asymptotic growth that follow from axiomatic quantum field theory, (ii) bounds and inequalities involving cross sections at high energies, (iii) theorems and relations between cross sections requiring special assumptions, and (iv) a discussion of the Pomeranchuk theorem and of experimental and theoretical results that would hold if it were violated.
TL;DR: In this article, the graphical representation of angular momentum is used as the basis of a procedure for the complete evaluation of the matrix element of a Coulomb or multipole interaction operator between atomic states having any number of open shells.
Abstract: The graphical representation of angular momentum is used as the basis of a procedure for the complete evaluation of the matrix element of a Coulomb or multipole interaction operator between atomic states having any number of open shells. The method is presented in the form of a step-by-step procedure and is designed to permit straightforward extension to the evaluation of the matrix elements of other types of tensor operators and of sums of products of Coulomb matrix elements, such as occur in the perturbation theory of configuration interaction.