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Showing papers in "Rheologica Acta in 1972"


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the peristaltic motion of a power law fluid in a tube, with a sinusoidal wave of small amplitude travelling down its wall, was modeled as a power series in terms of the amplitude of the wave.
Abstract: To understand theoretically the flow properties of physiological fluids, we have considered as a model the peristaltic motion of a power law fluid in a tube, with a sinusoidal wave of small amplitude travelling down its wall. The solution for the stream function is obtained as a power series in terms of the amplitude of the wave. The stream function and the velocity components are evaluated by solving numerically two point boundary value problems with a singular point at the origin. The influence of the applied pressure gradient along with non-Newtonian parameters on the streamlines and velocity profiles are discussed in detail.

157 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors extended the analysis of viscous flow in concentrated solid suspensions to include concentrated emulsions of slightly deformable fluid particles in the presence or absence of surfactant impurities.
Abstract: Previous analysis byHappel (3) of viscous flow in concentrated solid suspensions has been extended to include concentrated emulsions of slightly deformable fluid particles in the presence or absence of surfactant impurities General expressions were obtained for viscous flow in multi-particle systems when arbitrary shear fields are imposed Specific relations were then derived for uniform,Couette and hyperbolic fields The behavior is found to be strongly dependent upon particle concentration and surfactant concentration The theoretical expressions obtained for effective viscosity of emulsions compare favorably with experimental data ofNeogy andGhosh (18),Sibree (15),Sherman (17), andBroughton andWindebank (16) These results support other studies on ensemble velocities [(10), (12), and in particular (22)], which strongly indicate the practical value and factual reliability of cell models in predicting the behavior of suspensions and emulsions

84 citations



Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the rheological behavior of dispersions cannot be understood unless attractive forces between the particles are assumed, resulting in the building-up of a network structure, which is difficult to explain.
Abstract: Certain aspects of the rheological behaviour of dispersions cannot be understood unless attractive forces between the particles are assumed, resulting in the building-up of a network structure.

74 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The non-linear behavior observed by Meissner can be qualitatively described by the rubberlike liquid constitutive equations when the constants in the memory function are chosen to fit the data in the linear region at low elongation rates.
Abstract: The non-linear behavior observed byMeissner can be qualitatively described by the rubberlike-liquid constitutive equations when the constants in the memory function are chosen to fit the data in the linear region at low elongation rates.

69 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, an apparatus for extension of polymers in the fluid and high-elastic states under constant true stresses is described, where the authors make determinations of the total, highelastic and flow deformations and their rates in the course of extension of a polystyrene having a viscosity-average molecular weight of 3 X 105 at 130 °C.
Abstract: An apparatus for extension of polymers in the fluid and high-elastic states under constant true stresses is described. Determinations are made of the total, high-elastic and flow deformations and their rates in the course of extension of polystyrene having a viscosity-average molecular weight of 3 X 105 at 130 °C under various constant true stresses. The stress relaxation and elastic recoil after the cessation of extension are investigated at various values of deformation. Refore the steadystate flow is attained the viscosity and relaxation characteristics of polystyrene passes through a maximum. As was to be expected, the values of longitudinal viscosity under steady flow conditions correspond to the viscosity values determined during the extension at a constant deformation rate.

37 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde der Schmelzbruch darauf zuruckgebliebenen Fullrauminhalts, das im Duseneinlauf eine kritische Dehnspannung der Kunststoffschmelze uberschritten wird as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde der Schmelzbruch darauf zuruckgefuhrt, das im Duseneinlauf eine kritische Dehnspannung der Kunststoffschmelze uberschritten wird. In der Regel ist die Einlaufstromung von einem Zirkularwirbel umgeben und kann als annahernd einachsige Dehnstromung betrachtet werden, wobei die Scherung vernachlassigbar ist. Die maximale Dehnspannung wird dann nahezu gleich dem Einlaufdruckverlust. Auf diese Weise last sich der Schmelzbruch auch bei extrem kurzen Dusen (sog. Lochdusen), wo er besonders augenfallig in Erscheinung tritt, deuten. Die mit Hochdruck-Polyathylen bei einer Temperatur von 150 °C durchgefuhrten Experimente fuhrten auf eine kritische Dehnspannung von 11,5±0,5 kp × cm−2, die unabhangig von der Dehnung oder der Dehngeschwindigkeit war. Das Stromungsfeld im Duseneinlauf kann man leicht sichtbar machen, wenn man im Fullraum eines Kapillarviskosimeters verschieden eingefarbte Scheiben aufeinander schichtet, auf Extrusionstemperatur erwarmt und nach nur teilweiser Extrusion unter Druck wieder erstarren last. Beim Aufschneiden des zuruckgebliebenen Fullrauminhalts ergeben sich charakteristische Bilder, die quantitative Schlusse auf die Dehnung und die Dehngeschwindigkeit zulassen. Daraus und aus dem oben erwahnten Einlaufdruckverlust lassen sich die Dehnspannungen berechnen.

35 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present a komplexe SchubmodulG′ +iG″ of ABS-Polymeren bei Frequenzen zwischen 10−3 and 50 Hz, and Temperaturen z wischen 130 and 250 °C gemessen.
Abstract: Mit Hilfe eines Schwingungsviskosimeters mit konzentrischen Zylindern wurde der komplexe SchubmodulG′ +iG″ von ABS-Polymeren bei Frequenzen zwischen 10−3 und 50 Hz und Temperaturen zwischen 130 und 250 °C gemessen. Bei hohen Frequenzen ergeben sich keine wesentlichen Unterschiede im Verlauf der Modulkurven, verglichen mit homogenen Schmelzen. Das viskoelastische Verhalten wird hier vor allem durch das Verschlaufungsnetzwerk der koharenten Phase bestimmt. Bei tiefen Frequenzen verhalten sich ABS-Polymere in der Schmelze dagegen ahnlich wie vernetzte Kautschuke:G′ wird frequenzunabhangig, steigt proportional zuϱ ·T an und nimmt wesentlich grosere Werte an alsG″. Es uberwiegen also die elastischen Eigenschaften, wahrend die Schmelzen homogener Polymerer bei tiefen Frequenzen vorwiegend viskos sind. Dieses gummielastische Verhalten ist um so ausgepragter, je hoher der Kautschukgehalt, der Pfropfungsgrad der Kautschukteilchen und, bei gleichem Kautschukgehalt, die Teilchenzahl ist.

31 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors considered the viscoelastic behavior of concentrated polymer solutions and polymer melts with the aid of two parameters: the chain length between nodesg, or the numberu of nodes per macromolecule, and the monomeric friction coefficientζ 0.
Abstract: The theory proposed in the present article determines the viscoelastic behaviour of concentrated polymer solutions and polymer melts with the aid of two parameters: the chain length between nodesg, or the numberu of nodes per macromolecule, and the monomeric friction coefficientζ 0 which depend, in a general case, on temperature, concentration, velocity gradients and the stresses applied. In this sense this theory, like the other theories of the viscoelastic behaviour of a macromolecular system proposed byMarvin andOser, Hayashi, Chompf, andDuiser is of a semi-phenomenological nature. The theory expounded above provides however a more consistent explanation of the viscoelastic behaviour of the polymeric systems under consideration in shear. The description of the most important specific features of the viscoelastic properties of polymeric systems under steady flow and oscillatory (cyclic) deformation is based on unified conceptions. The latter include the ratio of the first normal stress difference to the square of shear stresses; the variation of the viscoelastic functions and relaxation-time spectrum with increasing stresses or deformation amplitudes; the finalizing of the time-temperature superposition of the viscoelastic functions; the prediction of a loss of the fluidity of viscoelastic media with increase of shear stresses and rates, including the main features of this process. It should however be noted that this theory, as it follows from a detailed comparison with experiment, provides a qualitatively approximate description of the viscoelastic properties of monodisperse polymers. For example, the relaxation-time distribution in the region of transition from flow to the high-elasticity plateau appears to be somewhat different than that predicted by the theory. In distinction to what is predicted by the theory, a set of relaxation times in equivalent networks, corresponding to a decrease of molecular weight or to the application of stresses, is not equivalent. This and other shortcomings are an indication of the imperfection of the model which must be improved, probably by introducing intramolecular viscosity or hydrodynamic interaction.

23 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the R 16Weissenberg-Rheogoniometer was used to measure the rheological properties of the viscoelastic fluids in the shear rates range of interest in the contraction.
Abstract: Developing and fully developed velocity profiles were measured for viscoelastic fluids flowing through an abrupt 2 to 1 glass-contraction. An R 16Weissenberg-Rheogoniometer was used to measure the rheological properties of the viscoelastic fluids in the shear rates range of interest in the contraction. The measured entry lengths for the viscoelastic fluids were significantly less than predictions and experimental values for inelastic fluids with the same power-law parameters. Deviations from inelastic entry behaviour ranged from 11.6–100%, were independent ofReynolds number, but were strongly dependent on the ratio of the friction velocity to the shear wave velocity. Increasing the friction velocity relative to the shear wave velocity resulted in an increased deviation from inelastic behaviour. When the friction velocity was of the same order as the shear wave velocity a zero entry length and a fully developed entry velocity profile were observed. Further increase in the friction velocity relative to the shear wave velocity resulted in anomalous entry behaviour accompanied by unusual flow patterns upstream of the contraction.

22 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
J. F. Hutton1
TL;DR: In experiments with water and dilute aqueous solutions of polyacrylamide, spurious normal forces were observed as mentioned in this paper, which were traced to changes in contact angle between the test liquid and the plates brought about by starting and stopping shear.
Abstract: In experiments with water and dilute aqueous solutions of polyacrylamide spurious normal forces were observed. This phenomenon was traced to changes in contact angle between the test liquid and the plates brought about by starting and stopping shear. There are circumstances in which contact angle and surface tension changes with shear could be indistinguishable from true normal forces.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, three pressure transducers were flush mounted on the long side of the rectangular slot along the longitudinal center line of the die, and measurements of wall normal stresses were made with aqueous solutions of polyacrylamide (ET 597) of various concentrations.
Abstract: In order to measure the wall normal stresses of viscoelastic solutions, slit dies have been designed. An advantage of using the slit dies, instead of circular tubes, is that pressure transducers can be mounted flush with solid wall, so that “pressure-hole” errors, if any, can be eliminated completely in the measurements of wall normal stresses. Although the geometry of the slit die is different from that of circular tubes, the flow through a thin slit die can, to a good approximation, be considered as one-dimensional by making the aspect ratio of a slot large enough. The slit dies designed for the present study have aspect ratios of 100, 50, 30, and 20. Three pressure transducers were flush-mounted on the long side of the rectangular slot along the longitudinal center line of the die, and measurements of wall normal stresses were made with aqueous solutions of polyacrylamide (ET 597) of various concentrations. Then, exit pressures were determined by extrapolating the straight line portion of the axial pressure distributions to the duct exit. It has been found that the exit pressure increases with solution concentration at a fixed shear rate, and it also increases with shear rate of a given concentration of solution. The exit pressure measurements were then used to completely determine the primary normal stress difference, by using the measurements of axial normal stresses reported in part I of this series.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a Rheometer is used in der Anfangsbereich der Flieskurve in order to ermittel nicht-Newtonscher Flussigkeiten zu ermitteln.
Abstract: Mit dem hier vorgestellten Rheometer ist man in der Lage, den haufig interessierenden Anfangsbereich der Flieskurve nicht-Newtonscher Flussigkeiten zu ermitteln. Es konnte theoretisch und am Beispiel einer Reihe von Polymerlosungen gezeigt werden, das im Bereich sehr niedriger Schergeschwindigkeiten die Beziehungen $$\dot \gamma = \Omega$$ und $$\tau = \frac{M}{{4\pi h \cdot r_{i^2 } }}(1 - \beta )$$ Punkte der Flieskurve liefern. Danach ergibt sich in diesen Fallen ein auserordentlich einfaches Auswertungsverfahren, das auf eine umstandliche Bestimmung der Stoff konstanten (beispielsweise mittels Fehlerquadratminimierung) verzichten kann.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Based on the incompressibleBKZ elastic fluid theory, a relation is obtained between two complex dynamic moduli which pertain to small oscillations superposed on a basic steady simple shearing flow.
Abstract: Based on the incompressibleBKZ elastic fluid theory, a relation is obtained between two complex dynamic moduli which pertain to small oscillations superposed on a basic steady simple shearing flow. One of these moduli concerns oscillations parallel to the basic flow and the other concerns oscillations transverse or orthogonal to the basic flow. It is demonstrated that the relation holds for any incompressibleBKZ fluid, but a counterexample shows that the relation does not hold for the general incompressible simple fluid.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a method of defining tensor fields associated with a given continuum is presented and applied to the description of rheological variables for a continuous material moving and deforming in space.
Abstract: SummaryA method of defining tensor fields associated with a given continuum is presented and applied to the description of rheological variables for a continuous material moving and deforming in space. Three different types of tensor field are defined and compared: body fields, space fields, andCartesian space fields. A bold-face notation is introduced for body tensor fields and its relation to other authors' notations for space fields is presented. Body fields give the simplest description of rheological states because body stress and body metric tensor fields, unlike space stress and strain tensor fields, are independent of the orientation of material elements relative to directions fixed in space.ZusammenfassungEs wird eine Methode zur Definition von Tensorfeldern vorgestellt, die mit einem gegebenen Kontinuum gekoppelt sind. Diese Methode wird zur Beschreibung der rheologischen Variablen für ein als Kontinuum betrachtetes Material angewendet, das sich im Raum bewegt und deformiert. Drei verschiedene Typen von Tensorfeldern werden definiert und verglichen: körperfeste Felder, raumfeste Felder undCartesische raumfeste Felder. Für körperfeste Tensorfelder wird eine Bezeichnung in Fettdruck eingeführt und die Relationen zu den Bezeichnungen für raumfeste Felder anderer Autoren dargelegt. Körperfeste Felder gestatten die einfachste Beschreibung rheologischer Zustände, da körperfeste Spannungs-Tensorfelder und körperfeste metrische Tensorfelder — anders als raumfeste Spannungs- und Deformationsfelder — keine Abhängigkeit von der räumlichen Orientierung der Elemente des Materials aufweisen.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the rheologische Verhalten eines thixotropen Systems wurde als Funktion der momentanen Struktur untersucht.
Abstract: Das rheologische Verhalten eines thixotropen Systems wurde als Funktion der momentanen Struktur untersucht. Das System besteht aus Magnesiumsilikat-Fasern, in ein Newtonsches Alkydharz dispergiert. Die Anwendung niedrigfrequenter Schwingungsmessungen in der Analyse solcher Materialien wird diskutiert. Es wird gefunden, das die charakteristische Zeit fur den thixotropen Strukturaufbau um Grosenordnungen uber dem mittleren Wert der viskoelastischen Relaxationszeit liegt. Es ist daher moglich, das elastoviskose Verhalten der momentanen Strukturen mit Schwingungsmessungen zu erfassen.

Journal ArticleDOI
J. Harris1
TL;DR: In this paper, a comprehensive treatment of structural change (including the effects of induced anisotropy) is given which admits changes, and the associated variation of mechanical properties, from a variety of different influences.
Abstract: A comprehensive treatment of structural change (excluding the effects of induced anisotropy) is given which admits changes, and the associated variation of mechanical properties, from a variety of different influences. The treatment can accommodate the simultaneous effect of various influences and gives wider meaning and scope to the commonly used term “thixotropy”. A specific example of thixo-viscoelasticity is described in some detail. Most non dilute polymeric and solid-liquid systems can be expected to show some degree of thixotropy.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, three terms are discussed: infinity, zero, and negative, all of which have at least two meanings which have been confused by rheologists: infinity and zero.
Abstract: The great advances made in Rheology during the last forty years owe much to the application of mathematics. But in some cases, there have been misunderstandings. As a result, rheologists have sometimes been unnecessarily restricted. Mathematics is limited only by self-consistency: Rheology deals with the physical world. In particular, three terms are discussed: “infinity”, “zero” and “negative”, all of which have at least two meanings which have been confused. Rheological phenomena cannot be “explained” merely by mathematical formulation. Unnecessary mathematics should be avoided but professional rheologists must not shirk mathematics.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the elastic properties of very dilute solutions of a number of drag-reducing polymers differing either in chemical nature or molecular weight were investigated over a range of values of shear stress using the jet thrust method.
Abstract: The elastic properties of very dilute solutions of a number of drag-reducing polymers differing either in chemical nature or molecular weight were investigated over a range of values of shear stress using the jet thrust method. Parallel drag reduction measurements were also made with the solutions. The results indicate a general relationship between the value of the first normal stress difference at the wall, (p11-p22, and the dragreducing ability.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, it was shown that simple fluids are equivalent to Cartesian deformation gradient tensors subject to a material objectivity condition, and that the contravariant body extra-stress tensor is expressible as an isotropic one-particle functional of the covariant body metric tensor.
Abstract: It is proved that the following two classes of idealized incompressible materials are identical: (i) materials for which theCartesian extra-stress tensor is expressible as a one-particle functional of theCartesian deformation gradient tensor subject to a ‘material objectivity’ condition; (ii) materials for which the contravariant body extra-stress tensor is expressible as an isotropic one-particle functional of the covariant body metric tensor. From the close relationship of the body tensor formalism (ii) to the convected-component formalism ofOldroyd (discussed in paper I) it follows that all ‘Simple Fluids’ (i) are included inOldroyds formalism.

Journal ArticleDOI
S. S. Davis1
TL;DR: The experimental calibration of theWeissenberg Rheogoniometer using Newtonian standards indicated that, before embarking on detailed dynamic testing, it is essential to check the instrumental calibrations.
Abstract: The experimental calibration of theWeissenberg Rheogoniometer using Newtonian standards indicated that, before embarking on detailed dynamic testing, it is essential to check the instrumental calibrations.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors employed recently derived expressions for the statistical distribution of particle orientations in the limit of weak rotaryBrown-ian motion to calculate the corresponding limiting behavior of the extinction angle and the birefringence.
Abstract: The phenomenon of streaming double refraction is examined theoretically for simple shear flow of a dilute suspension of rigid spheroids which are subject to weak Brownian rotations. In particular, we employ recently derived expressions for the statistical distribution of particle orientations in the limit of weak rotaryBrown-ian motion to calculate the corresponding limiting behavior of the extinction angleχ and the birefringenceΔn. These are compared with the earlier results ofScheraga, Edsall, andGadd (17), who utilized a slowly convergent series solution due toPeterlin andStuart for the orientation distribution. The familiar stressoptical relations which have been proposed for various polymeric materials are found to be inapplicable for a suspension of the type considered.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A new, generalized type of the rate-of-strain-dependent memory function of viscoelastic fluids has been proposed and embodied into a simple-integral model, and it has been shown that the model unifies a number of previous models of a similar form.
Abstract: A new, generalized type of the rate-of-strain-dependent memory function of viscoelastic fluids has been proposed and embodied into a simple-integral model. The model is applied to the case of a simple shear flow during which a step in the shear rate occurs, and the prediction of the shear stress and of the normal stress differences is calculated from the model. It has been shown that the model unifies a number of previous models of a similar form, the predictions of the special models being recovered simply by the appropriate choice of so called generating functions of the generalized model.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a formulation of equations governing oscillatory flow of a fluid in a circular pipe is given, and a corresponding programming diagram suitable for use with an EAI 680 Analogue Computer is provided.
Abstract: A formulation of equations governing oscillatory flow of a fluid in a circular pipe is given. The equations are then cast in a form suitable for analogue computation and a corresponding programming diagram suitable for use with an EAI 680 Analogue Computer is provided. Results have been obtained forNewtonian flow for a range ofReynolds numbers and for combinations of the realReynolds number, and the ratio of elastic to viscous forces in the case of linear viscoelastic fluids.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, aussagen fuhren zu Aussagen, die zu den beobachteten Effekte zweiter Ordnung geeignet erscheinen.
Abstract: Fur die in Scherversuchen im plastischen Bereich auftretenden Effekte zweiter Ordnung werden in der Literatur verschiedene Begrundungen angegeben. Vielfach wird die bei grosen Schubverformungen sich bildende Anisotropie als Ursache fur die Effekte zweiter Ordnung angenommen. Einige Autoren meinen, das diese Effekte im wesentlichen auf nicht-lineare Stoffgesetze zuruckzufuhren seien. In dieser Arbeit werden einige nichtlineare Stoffgesetze daraufhin untersucht, ob sie zur Beschreibung der beobachteten Effekte zweiter Ordnung geeignet erscheinen. Es zeigt sich, das dies zumindest fur die in Betracht gezogenen Stoffgesetze nicht gilt. Sie fuhren zu Aussagen, die zu den Beobachtungen im Widerspruch stehen. Geeigneter erscheinende Ansatze werden angedeutet.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the relationship between the polymer molecular weight and the concentration required to give the same drag reduction was determined, and the influence of polymer degradation upon these relationships has been investigated.
Abstract: Drag reduction measurements have been made with samples of polyethyleneoxide and polyacrylamide with relatively narrow molecular weight distributions obtained by fractionation of commercial polymers. Relationships between the polymer molecular weight and the concentration required to give the same drag reduction have been determined. The influence of polymer degradation upon these relationships has been investigated.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the Messungen am System Methanol-Methan in der Nahe der Kondensation des Methanols lassen sich nicht zufriedenstellend nach der Enskog-Chapman-Theorie bei kleinen Teilchenzahldichten beschreiben; ein empirisches Korrekturverfahren fuhrt zu guten Ergebnissen.
Abstract: Es wird uber Messungen mit einemRankine-Viskosimeter mit gewundener Kapillare und nach einer 1965 beschriebenen Bauart berichtet. Auf ein spezielles Temperierproblem als besondere Fehlerquelle wird hingewiesen. Die Messungen am System Methanol-Methan in der Nahe der Kondensation des Methanols lassen sich nicht zufriedenstellend nach derEnskog-Chapman-Theorie bei kleinen Teilchenzahldichten beschreiben; ein empirisches Korrekturverfahren fuhrt zu guten Ergebnissen. Aus dem Vergleich mit Literaturdaten wird geschlossen, das der Kurventyp der Viskositats-Zusammensetzungs-Isothermen durch das Methan bestimmt wird.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the Kopplung zwischen thermische Ruckkopplung and thermischen Gleichgewichtszustand is untersucht, bei einer Fourier-Zahl Fo=1 fast vollstandig abgeschlossen.
Abstract: Fur Polymerschmelzen wird am Beispiel der Schleppstromung im 2-Platten-Modell die Kopplung zwischen Temperatur- und Geschwindigkeitsfeld (die sogenannte thermische Ruckkopplung) untersucht. Aus der Rechnung ergibt sich, das der thermische Anfahrvorgang, also die Anderung des Temperaturfeldes vom isothermen Anfangszustand zum thermischen Gleichgewichtszustand, bei einerFourier-Zahl Fo=1 fast vollstandig abgeschlossen ist. Diese Dauer des Anfahrvorganges ist unabhangig davon, ob mit konstanter Plattengeschwindigkeit oder mit konstanter Schubspannung gefahren wird. — Die thermische Ruckkopplung ist um so starker, je groser der stoff- und prozesabhangige Parameter dieGriffith-ZahlG ist. Die Viskositat kann bisG=1 noch als temperaturunabhangig und bisG=10 als linear von der Temperatur abhangig angesehen werden. Auserdem findet man, das sich Temperatur- und Geschwindigkeitsfeld bei der strukturviskosen Flussigkeit wesentlich weniger beeinflussen als bei einerNewtonschen Flussigkeit.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, ein leichtes Teilchen im massekontrollierten Bereich unendlich lange in der Stos-zone verweilen und wechselwirken, so das eine Detonation moglich wird.
Abstract: Eine Stoswelle wird in einem Medium stets abgeflacht und kann mit im Vergleich zur Stosanstiegsstrecke kleinen Diskontinuitaten derart in Wechselwirkung treten, das diese die 3 fache Partikelgeschwindigkeit im Vergleich zur Umgebung erreichen, sofern es sich um Blaschen der Dichte 0 handelt und hierbei der Viskositatseinflus uberwogen wird. Schwerere Teilchen zeigen aber im massekontrollierten Bewegungszustand geringere Partikelgeschwindigkeiten als das Medium. Abus = 3up kann ein leichtes Teilchen im massekontrollierten Bereich unendlich lange in der Stos-zone verweilen und wechselwirken, so das eine Detonation moglich wird. Das Teilchen wirkt als akustischer Strahler betrachtlicher Strahlungsleistung. An aktuellen Beispielen wird die Rolle der leichten und schweren Teilchen erlautert.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, an isotroper viskoelastischer modellkorper wird in der Weise konstruiert, das man Teilspannungen mit Hilfe eines Potenzspektrums superponiert.
Abstract: Ein isotroper viskoelastischer Modellkorper wird in der Weise konstruiert, das man Teilspannungen mit Hilfe eines Potenzspektrums superponiert. Diese Teilspannungen sind dabei entsprechend einer vonZaremba,Fromm undDeWitt verallgemeinerten Maxwell-Gleichung mit der Deformation verknupft. Ein solcher Korper verhalt sich in stationaren Scherstromungen wie eineOstwald-De Waele-Flussigkeit. In Dehnstromungen zeigt er dagegen weder ein flussigkeits-noch ein festkorperartiges, sondern ein intermediares Verhalten: Im Spannversuch (d. h. beim Anwenden einer konstanten Dehngeschwindigkeit) wachsen die Spannungen unbegrenzt, beim Relaxationsversuch (d. h. beim Anhalten dieses Dehnvorgangs) klingen sie vollstandig ab. Auch in der Scherstromung mit zeitabhangiger Scherung treten ungewohnliche Phanomene auf: Im Spannversuch wird der stationare Endzustand uber langsam abklingende Schwingungen angenahert. Im Relaxationsversuch scheint der Korper zeitweilig die Gesamtscherung des vorausgegangenen Spannversuchs zu vergessen, erinnert sich aber spater aufs neue daran. Derartige Absonderlichkeiten spiegeln sich besonders stark im zeitlichen Verlauf des Verdrehungswinkels e wider, um den die Eigenrichtungen des Spannungszustandes gegenuber denjenigen des Deformationsgeschwindigkeitszustandes verdreht sind.