Showing papers in "Russian Chemical Reviews in 2003"
TL;DR: In this paper, the results of studies on the transfer processes in membrane systems induced by various driving forces including the concentration, electric potential and electrochemical potential gradients are generalised.
Abstract: Modern concepts of mass transport in solids are considered. Essential information on the structure of organic and inorganic ion-exchange materials and on defect formation processes is presented. The key methods of investigations of ion transfer are described. The results of studies on the transfer processes in membrane systems induced by various driving forces including the concentration, electric potential and electrochemical potential gradients are generalised. The bibliography includes 530 references.
125 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the state-of-the-art in multicomponent cascade heterocyclisation and its prospects as applied to the targeted synthesis of polyfunctional pyridines and their hydrogenated and fused analogues are surveyed.
Abstract: The review surveys the state-of-the-art in the methodology of multicomponent cascade heterocyclisation and its prospects as applied to the targeted synthesis of polyfunctional pyridines and their hydrogenated and fused analogues. The bibliography includes 405 references.
118 citations
TL;DR: A semi-empirical method for constructing nucleation rate surfaces is described in this paper, which opens up possibilities for revising certain approximations employed in experiments and particular axiomatic statements of the classical nucleation theory.
Abstract: Various theoretical and experimental methods for studying nucleation are considered. Since theoretical methods have fundamental limitations, information is gained from experimental research. It is demonstrated that the nucleation theory is entering a new phase of development, which is going to be, in essence, semiempirical. A semiempirical method for constructing nucleation rate surfaces is described. The topology of these surfaces in the limit of the zero nucleation rate can be determined using phase equilibrium diagrams. This opens up possibilities for revising certain approximations employed in experiments and particular axiomatic statements of the classical nucleation theory. Examples of the practical use of nucleation essential for the development of modern technologies are given. The bibliography includes 396 references.
94 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a review of the chemical, electrical and magnetic properties of the three main elements of nanotechnologies, viz., clusters, nanotubes and nanowires, is presented.
Abstract: This review deals with problems involved in creating and handling nanoparticles, as well as the integration of nanoparticles into various systems and the operation of such systems. The review analyses the chemical, electrical and magnetic properties of the three main elements of nanotechnologies, viz., clusters, nanotubes and nanowires. The bibliography includes 77 references.
89 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, published data on the synthesis and reactivity of halogen-containing chromones, flavones, thiochromones and furochromones are generalised.
Abstract: Published data on the synthesis and reactivity of halogen-containing chromones, flavones, thiochromones and furochromones are generalised. The bibliography includes 220 references.
83 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the main attention is given to methods based on electrophilic sulfenylation of unsaturated compounds, and the published data on the methods for the synthesis of vinyl sulfides are considered and generalised.
Abstract: The published data on the methods for the synthesis of vinyl sulfides are considered and generalised. The main attention is given to methods based on electrophilic sulfenylation of unsaturated compounds. The bibliography includes 173 references.
77 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the comparative activities of the nitro group, fluorine and chlorine in aromatic nucleophilic substitution reactions are generalised and systematised, and the factors influencing the relative activities of these substituents, viz., the structure of the substrate, the nature of the nucleophile and reaction conditions, are discussed.
Abstract: The published data on the comparative activities of the nitro group, fluorine and chlorine in aromatic nucleophilic substitution reactions are generalised and systematised. The factors influencing the relative activities of these substituents, viz., the structure of the substrate, the nature of the nucleophile and reaction conditions, are discussed. The synthetic applications and possible mechanisms of nucleophilic substitution of the nitro group, fluorine and chlorine in aromatic compounds are considered. The bibliography includes 265 references.
74 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the synthesis of C- and N-vinyltetrazoles and their chemical transformations (homo-and copolymerisation) involving the heterocycle and the vinyl group are systematised and generalised.
Abstract: The published data on the synthesis of C- and N-vinyltetrazoles and their chemical transformations (homo- and copolymerisation) involving the heterocycle and the vinyl group are systematised and generalised. The areas of possible application of these compounds are considered. The bibliography includes 194 references.
67 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a review of material-synthesising and material-affecting combustion and explosion processes is presented, with special emphasis on their practical (technological and industrial) applications.
Abstract: This review is the first attempt to generalise, in a descriptive-conceptual form, material-synthesising and material-affecting combustion and explosion processes and relevant physicochemical, technological and materials science problems with special emphasis on their practical (technological and industrial) applications. The bibliography includes 127 references.
63 citations
TL;DR: The use of nucleoside, nucleotide and oligonucleotide conjugates with ferrocene in the design of systems for electrochemical detection of nucleic acids is considered in this paper.
Abstract: The published data on the synthesis of ferrocene-containing nucleic acid fragments are generalised. The known methods are systematised and their advantages and disadvantages are discussed. The use of nucleoside, nucleotide and oligonucleotide conjugates with ferrocene in the design of systems for electrochemical detection of nucleic acids is considered. The bibliography includes 121 references.
63 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the main chemical properties of technetium, methods of its isolation and determination and its behaviour during reprocessing of spent nuclear fuel and in environmental objects are surveyed.
Abstract: The review surveys main chemical properties of technetium, methods of its isolation and determination and its behaviour during reprocessing of spent nuclear fuel and in environmental objects. Methods for extraction and isolation of technetium as a hazardous long-lived radionuclide are described. Prospects of using technetium in industrial processes and in medicine are considered. The bibliography includes 276 references.
TL;DR: In this article, a survey of chemical methods for the exfoliation of transition metal dichalcogenides in a liquid medium to give single-layer dispersions containing quasi-two-dimensional layers of these compounds is surveyed.
Abstract: Chemical methods for the exfoliation of transition metal dichalcogenides in a liquid medium to give single-layer dispersions containing quasi-two-dimensional layers of these compounds are surveyed. Data on the structure of dispersions and their use in the synthesis of various types of heterolayered intercalation compounds are discussed and described systematically. Structural features, the electronic structure and the physicochemical properties of the resulting intercalation compounds are considered. The potential of this method of synthesis is compared with that of traditional solid-state methods for the intercalation of layered crystals. The bibliography includes 192 references.
TL;DR: In this paper, the state-of-the-art in studies on the magnetic chemistry of exchange clusters (polynuclear transition-metal complexes in which the unpaired electrons of particular sites are involved in magnetic exchange due to both direct or indirect, via bridging ligands, interactions of their wave functions).
Abstract: The review concerns the state-of-the-art in studies on the magnetic chemistry of exchange clusters (polynuclear transition-metal complexes in which the unpaired electrons of particular sites are involved in magnetic exchange due to both direct or indirect, via bridging ligands, interactions of their wave functions). Particular emphasis is placed on (i) theoretical models that can be used to interpret experimental data in terms of the effective Hamiltonians and chemical bonding theory and (ii) molecular nanomagnets (complexes containing a large number of magnetic atoms and possessing unusual properties). The bibliography includes 158 references.
TL;DR: In this article, the possibility of using hybrid materials in electrochemical and optical devices and as precursors for the preparation of anhydrous and nanotubular forms of oxide compounds is discussed.
Abstract: Data published during the last 15 years on the intercalation of metal and n-alkylammonium ions, organic molecules and organometallic complexes in vanadium(V) oxide xerogel are generalised and described systematically. The possible mechanisms of intercalation processes are considered. The possibility of using hybrid materials in electrochemical and optical devices and as precursors for the preparation of anhydrous and nanotubular forms of oxide compounds is discussed. The bibliography includes 159 references.
TL;DR: In this article, the methods for the synthesis of furazans fused to six-membered heterocycles with two heteroatoms in positions 1 and 4, their reactivities and practical applications are considered and systematised.
Abstract: The published data on the methods for the synthesis of furazans fused to six-membered heterocycles with two heteroatoms in positions 1 and 4, their reactivities and practical applications are considered and systematised. The bibliography includes 89 references.
TL;DR: In this paper, approaches to the synthesis of fluorine-containing alkyl(aryl) vinyl sulfides, their reactions with electrophilic and nucleophilic reagents and the behaviour in cycloaddition and oxidation reactions are considered systematically.
Abstract: Approaches to the synthesis of fluorine-containing alkyl(aryl) vinyl sulfides, their reactions with electrophilic and nucleophilic reagents and the behaviour in cycloaddition and oxidation reactions are considered systematically. The bibliography includes 136 references.
TL;DR: In this paper, a review of conservative and dissipative self-organisation phenomena in physicochemical systems, whose evolution involves formation of diverse chemically complex products, including functional ceramics, supramolecular compounds, and nanocomposites as well as fractal, template and epitaxial structures.
Abstract: The review concerns conservative and dissipative self-organisation phenomena in those physicochemical systems, whose evolution involves formation of diverse chemically complex products, including functional ceramics, supramolecular compounds, and nanocomposites as well as fractal, template and epitaxial structures. It is demonstrated that the use of nonlinear dynamics approaches facilitates organisation of the reaction zone during the synthesis of materials under nonequilibrium conditions in an optimum manner and that biomimetism and biomineralisation processes open up new prospects for materials design. The bibliography includes 308 references.
TL;DR: Data on the kinetics and mechanism of the three-dimensional radical polymerisation of multifunctional vinyl monomers (oligomers) containing two (or more) double bonds are generalised and analysed.
Abstract: Data on the kinetics and mechanism of the three-dimensional radical polymerisation of multifunctional vinyl monomers (oligomers) containing two (or more) double bonds are generalised and analysed. The history of this field of research is briefly outlined. The characteristic feature of the mechanism of three-dimensional radical polymerisation, i.e., microheterogeneity, is considered. Special attention is focused on recent advances (last decade) in studies of three-dimensional radical polymerisation associated with the development of new techniques (fiber-optic techniques, information technologies, etc.). Consideration is given to methodological aspects of kinetic experiments in highly cross-linked reaction media in which three-dimensional radical polymerisation proceeds. The bibliography includes 223 references.
TL;DR: In this article, a review of the use of cyclodextrins as chiral selectors in high-performance liquid chromatography and capillary electrophoresis is presented.
Abstract: The review surveys data on the use of cyclodextrins as chiral selectors in high-performance liquid chromatography and capillary electrophoresis. The mechanisms of enantiomer separation and the factors influencing the selectivity and efficiency of separation in various methods of chromatography and capillary electrophoresis are considered. Numerous examples of the practical application of cyclodextrins in separation of optical isomers are given. The bibliography includes 325 references.
TL;DR: Theoretical studies of the dynamics and kinetics of proton and hydrogen atom transfer processes occupy a special place in the kinetic of chemical reactions as mentioned in this paper, and the transition state theory is often inapplicable to these processes due to substantial quantum effects.
Abstract: Theoretical studies of the dynamics and kinetics of proton and hydrogen atom transfer processes occupy a special place in the kinetics of chemical reactions. The transition state theory is often inapplicable to these processes due to substantial quantum effects. Different approaches to the description of these reactions are discussed and compared. Calculations for a number of particular condensed-phase reactions involving proton or hydrogen atom transfer are analysed. Data of calculations of potential energy surfaces for the considered systems and the results of experimental kinetic and spectroscopic studies are presented. The bibliography includes 469 references.
TL;DR: In this article, data on circumambulatory rearrangements caused by rapid migrations of substituents formed by Group 13-17 elements around three to nine-membered cyclopolyenes are generalised and systematised.
Abstract: Data on circumambulatory rearrangements caused by rapid migrations of substituents formed by Group 13–17 elements around three- to nine-membered cyclopolyenes are generalised and systematised. Depending on the ring size, the nature of the migrating group, substituents in the ring and the medium, the rate constants of circumambulatory rearrangements vary over a wide range from 106 to 10–8 s–1 at room temperature. Particular attention is given to analysis of the mechanisms of these rearrangements ([1, j]-, [2,3]- and [3,3]-sigmatropic shifts, haptotropic rearrangements and ionisation–recombination) and to the correlation of these mechanisms with the structural characteristics of the compounds that undergo rearrangements. The bibliography includes 241 references.
TL;DR: Theoretical models of fractal aggregation and the kinetics of coagulation in fractal aggregates are described in this article, and the characteristics of deposited fractal films and of corroded surfaces are considered.
Abstract: The fractal structures that form in disperse systems are considered. Theoretical models of fractal aggregation and the kinetics of coagulation of fractal aggregates are described. The characteristics of deposited fractal films and of corroded surfaces are considered. The multifractal analysis of colloidal systems and related thermodynamics of fractal aggregates are outlined. The bibliography includes 380 references.
TL;DR: In this paper, reactions of alkenes with nitrogen oxides and other nitrosating and nitrating reagents are considered. And the bibliography includes 134 references including 134 references.
Abstract: Reactions of alkenes with nitrogen oxides and other nitrosating and nitrating reagents are considered. The bibliography includes 134 references.
TL;DR: The published data devoted to the use of the neural network approach in the simulation of structure-property rela-networks approach for organic compounds are reviewed in this paper, where the basic principles of neural network simulation are discussed along with the ples of the network simulation.
Abstract: The published data devoted to the use of the neural The published data devoted to the use of the neural network approach in the simulation of structure-property rela- network approach in the simulation of structure-property rela- tionships for organic compounds are reviewed. The basic princi- tionships for organic compounds are reviewed. The basic princi- ples of the neural network simulation are discussed along with the ples of the neural network simulation are discussed along with the characteristic features of the neural network approach typical of characteristic features of the neural network approach typical of the representation and classification of structural chemical data. the representation and classification of structural chemical data. Briefinformationon neuralnetwork modelsofspectralcharacter- Briefinformationonneuralnetworkmodelsofspectralcharacter- istics, reactivities, physicochemical properties and biological istics, reactivities, physicochemical properties and biological activities of organic compounds is presented. The bibliography activities of organic compounds is presented. The bibliography includes 159 references includes 159 references..
TL;DR: In this paper, the enantioselectivity of unsaturated precursors of amino acids and unsaturated prochiral acids as well as information on the information of hydrosilylation of ketones are surveyed.
Abstract: Methods for the synthesis of chiral organophosphorus compounds based on natural optically active compounds (hydroxy acids, amino acids and their derivatives, mono- and disaccharides, mono- and diterpenoids, steroids) are discussed. Particular attention is given to the synthesis of bisphosphines and bisphosphinites. These compounds serve as ligands for transition metal complexes, which catalyse asymmetric hydrogenation. Data on the enantioselectivity of hydrogenation of unsaturated precursors of amino acids and unsaturated prochiral acids as well as on information on the enantioselectivity of hydrosilylation of ketones are surveyed. The bibliography includes 77 references.
TL;DR: The destructive nitration of 2,4,6-tris[di(carboxy)methylene]hexahydro-1,3,5-triazine and its esters has been investigated.
Abstract: The destructive nitration of 2,4,6-tris[di(carboxy)methylene]hexahydro-1,3,5-triazine and its esters has been investigated. A first representative of the nitromethyl derivatives of 1,3,5-triazine, viz. 2,4,6-tris(nitromethyl)-1,3,5-triazine, has been synthesized.
TL;DR: In this article, the results of investigations of the kinetics and mechanisms of thermolysis of the main classes of organic peroxides in solution are generalised and the relationship between the kinetic and mechanism of the peroxide structure is analyzed.
Abstract: The results of investigations of the kinetics and mechanisms of thermolysis of the main classes of organic peroxides in solution are generalised. The relationship between the kinetics and mechanism of thermolysis and the peroxide structure is analysed. The main attention is given to the decomposition reactions of peroxides that are not confined to mere homolysis of the O–O bond and the factors responsible for the abnormalities in the thermolysis mechanism. The mechanisms of thermolysis of trioxides, dioxiranes and peroxides are considered in detail.
The bibliography includes 210 references.
TL;DR: In this article, the results of investigations of the topological and supramolecular structures of lignins are considered and the experimental data on the hydrodynamic and conformational properties of dilute solutions of hardwood and softwood lignin are generalised.
Abstract: The results of investigations of the topological and supramolecular structures of lignins are considered. The experimental data on the hydrodynamic and conformational properties of dilute solutions of hardwood and softwood lignins are generalised. The relationship between hydrodynamic and fractal properties of lignin macromolecules is analysed and the applicability of various fractal concepts is discussed. Good prospects of using the fractal approach for the study of amorphous polymers with complex topological and supramolecular structures are demonstrated. The bibliography includes 174 references.
TL;DR: In this paper, a review generalises results of studies on chain cryochemical polymerization and copolymerisation, oxidation, chlorination and hydrobromination of saturated hydrocarbons and alkenes in the crystalline and glassy state.
Abstract: The review generalises results of studies on chain cryochemical polymerisation and copolymerisation, oxidation, chlorination and hydrobromination of saturated hydrocarbons and alkenes in the crystalline and glassy state. Chain chemical reactions that occur at liquid helium temperature with a measurable, temperature-independent rate are considered; high-intensity autowave modes of low-temperature reactions in solid phase are discussed. The bibliography includes 111 references.
TL;DR: In this article, the main concepts of the theory of eutectics are analysed and evidence in favour of the supramolecular concept of EUTectics is presented.
Abstract: The main concepts of the theory of eutectics are analysed. The most essential results of investigations on eutectic alloys of inorganic compounds are surveyed. Evidence in favour of the supramolecular concept of eutectics is presented. This concept takes into account interactions of incommensurate substructures and gives an insight into the mechanisms of formation of supramolecular eutectic assemblies in boundary regions ('non-autonomous phases'). Using the static one-dimensional Frenkel — Kontorova model for finite systems, it is shown that the consideration of these mechanisms in terms of supramolecular chemistry simplifies analysis of the behaviour of inorganic eutectic systems in the course of crystallisation under conditions both close to and far from equilibrium, including crystallization upon quenching and under external actions. The supramolecular concept bridges gaps between the definitions 'compound', 'eutectic' and 'solution' in physicochemical analysis. The bibliography includes 83 references.