Showing papers in "Scandinavian Journal of Clinical & Laboratory Investigation in 1976"
TL;DR: There was a positive correlation between the fall rate in GFR and diastolic blood pressure as well as albumin clearance in patients with constant proteinuria, and further control studies will clarify whether end-stage of renal insufficiency will be postponed by antihypertensive treatment.
Abstract: The rate of progression of nephropathy was studied in 6 young male diabetics with intermittent proteinuria (Albustixr`) and in 10 young male diabetics with constant proteinuria by measuring glomerular filtration rate (GFR), renal plasma flow (RPF), and urinary albumin excretion by exact techniques. Albumin excretion was elevated in both the recumbent and the erect position in patients with intermittent proteinuria. GFR and RPF were at the same level as in diabetics without proteinuria, and no deterioration in renal function was noted during a mean control period of 32 months. In the patients with constant proteinuria the fall rate during a mean period of 33.6 months for GFR and RPF was 0.91 ml/min/month ± 0.68 (S.D.) and 4.38 ml/min/month ± 3.23 (S.D.) respectively. Initial fall rate in GFR correlated well with long-term fall rate, both of which were studied in 7 patients. In the same patients there was a positive correlation between the fall rate in GFR and diastolic blood pressure as well as albumin cle...
371 citations
TL;DR: The present data indicate that E in most cases is the method of choice for assessment of GFR in clinical routine work, and c may be of value for changes in renal function, especially at low functional levels.
Abstract: The precision and reproducibility of three different clearance methods as used in clinical routine assessment of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) were investigated in 51 patients: total [51Cr]EDTA plasma clearance (E); 24-hr endogenous creatinine clearance (C); and creatinine clearance estimated from the plasma creatinine concentration, weight, and sex-and age-dependent mean creatinine excretion rate (c). The precision and reproducibility (coefficient of variation) for single determinations were, in patients with E ≥ 30 ml/min, 5.5 and 4.1% (E); 26.9% (C); and 23.2 and 11.0% (c). The corresponding figures for E < 30 ml/min were 11.6 and 11.5% (E); 21.9% (C); and 21.4 and 6.5% (c). The precision of C could not be ameliorated by excluding single deviating determinations, but only by excluding patients for whom the precision of 15.5% for mean of three determinations of C (total material) could be reduced to 10% by excluding 25% of the patients. The present data indicate that E in most cases is the method of ...
263 citations
TL;DR: A neutral polymer precipitation procedure for fractionation of human plasma lipoproteins is described and can be used for rapid determination of high-density (HDL) lipids and of the ratio of HDL to LDL lipids.
Abstract: A neutral polymer precipitation procedure for fractionation of human plasma lipoproteins is described. The method was also tested preliminarily for fractionation of rat plasma lipoproteins. Polyethylene glycol-6000 (PEG-6000) at a concentration of about 12% and at pH 7.9 precipitated human plasma very low density (VLDL) and low-density (LDL) lipoproteins completely. Precipitation was independent of time and temperature. VLDL and LDL could not be precipitated separately. Polyethylene glycol-6000 precipitation can be used for rapid determination of high-density (HDL) lipids and of the ratio of HDL to LDL lipids.
132 citations
TL;DR: In 20 patients with essential hypertension the urinary albumin execretion, glomerular filtration rate (GFR),and renal plasma flow (RPF) were examined before and after antihypertensive treatment, and there was a positive correlation between albumin excretion before treatment and diastolic pressure during treatment, indicating that the album in excretion rate may be used to predict the result of antihyertensive treatment.
Abstract: In 20 patients with essential hypertension the urinary albumin excretion, glomerular filtration rate (GFR), and renal plasma flow (RPF) were examined before and after antihypertensive treatment. Albumin excretion measured by radioimmunoassay was increased before treatment, and there was a significant fall during treatment. In patients responding well to therapy (diastolic pressure below 100 mm Hg), albumin excretion was significantly lower than in patients responding poorly to therapy. There was a positive correlation between albumin excretion before treatment and diastolic pressure during treatment, indicating that the albumin excretion rate may be used to predict the result of antihypertensive treatment. Patients with excretion rates below 25 μg/min generally respond well to the treatment used. No definite changes in GFR and RPF were found during treatment, and there was no correlation between albumin excretion and GFR and RPF. It is suggested that the increased albumin excretion in essential hypertensi...
119 citations
TL;DR: A radioimmunoassay for arg8-vasopressin (AVP) in unextracted human plasma was based on a sensitive anti-AVP rabbit antiserum, inhibition of enzymatic damage to [125I]AVP and AVP, and the use of an individual plasma blank to correct for interference of plasma factors with the RIA.
Abstract: A radioimmunoassay (RIA) for arg8-vasopressin (AVP) in unextracted human plasma was based on a sensitive anti-AVP rabbit antiserum, inhibition of enzymatic damage to [125I]AVP and AVP, and the use of an individual plasma blank, to correct for interference of plasma factors with the RIA. Sensitivity was 0.4 pg of synthetic AVP detected, corresponding to 1.2 pg/ml of AVP in human plasma. Recovery of AVP added to pooled plasma was 94 +/- 9.3% (mean +/- S.D.) in the low range (AVP, 2.8 pg/ml added) and 106 +/- 11.7% in the high range (45.0 pg/ml added). In 26 healthy, ambulatory subjects on ad lib, water intake, plasma AVP concentration was 2.0 +/- 1.22 pg/ml in the supine position and in 28 healthy subjects, 6.2 +/- 4.3 pg/ml in the upright position. Water loading suppressed the plasma AVP concentration. Smoking caused increased plasma AVP in 3 subjects despite water loading.
101 citations
TL;DR: The results suggest that [51Cr]EDTA has a significant extrarenal clearance of approximately 4 ml/min, independent of renal function.
Abstract: Briichner-Mortensen, J. & Riidbro, P. Comparison between Total and Renal Plasma Clearance of [51Cr]EDTA. Scand. J. din. Lab. Znvest. 36, 247-249, 1976. The total plasma (Et) and renaf plasma (Er) clearances of [51Cr]EDTA were measured simultaneously in 40 patients with a wide range of renal function. The regression equation was Et = 0.997 Er+4.1 ; the slope of the regression line was not significantly different from 1 .OO, and the intercept differed significantly from zero. The results suggest that [51Cr]EDTA has a significant extrarenal clearance of approximately 4 ml/min, independent of renal function. The data are used to correct the total [61Cr]EDTA plasma clearance, measured by a simplified method, to yield a rapid, accurate, and precise measurement of glomerular filtration rate for routine clinical use.
99 citations
TL;DR: It was demonstrated that the bronchial inhibitor formed firm complexes with granulocyte elastase but did not form complexes withgranulocyte collagenase.
Abstract: Ohlsson, K. & Tegner, H. Inhibition of Elastase from Granulocytes by the Low Molecular Weight Bronchial Protease Inhibitor. Scand. J. clin. Lab. Invest. 36, 437–445, 1976.The low molecular weight bronchial protease inhibitor isolated from purulent bronchial secretions of man was shown to be a potent inhibitor of the elastase from human granulocytes. At a molar ratio of 1:1, the inhibitor prevented elastase digestion of insoluble elastin and soluble elastin, and blocked the hydrolysis of t-BOC-L-alanine-p-nitrophenyl ester. The collagen-olytic activity of granulocyte collagenase was not inhibited by the bronchial inhibitor. Antisera were raised in rabbits for the isolation of specific IgG fractions in order to localize and quantitate the inhibitor. 125I-labelled inhibitor was used to study enzyme interactions further by gel filtration. These studies demonstrated that the bronchial inhibitor formed firm complexes with granulocyte elastase but did not form complexes with granulocyte collagenase.
95 citations
TL;DR: The normally circulating cathodal trypsin-like immunoreactivity is shown to consist mainly of cathodale trypsInogen, which is a type of Trypsin that is insoluble in DFP.
Abstract: A radioimmunological method for determination of human cathodal trypsin-like immunoreactivity is described. DFP-treated human cathodal trypsin is used as standard and tracer. Freshly drawn normal human plasma contains about 25 μg/1 of cathodal trypsin-like immunoreactivity measured as DFP-treated cathodal trypsin. The normally circulating cathodal trypsin-like immunoreactivity is shown to consist mainly of cathodal trypsinogen.
83 citations
TL;DR: Toftegaard et al. as discussed by the authors described a method for determination of citrate in serum and urine using citrate lyase, and the influence of pH, zinc, magnesium, and calcium ions on the reaction velocity was studied.
Abstract: Toftegaard Nielsen, T. A Method for Enzymatic Determination of Citrate in Serum and Urine. Scand. J. clin. Lab. Invest. 36, 513–519, 1976.A method for determination of citrate in serum and urine using citrate lyase is described. The influence of pH, zinc, magnesium, and calcium ions on the reaction velocity is studied. Citrate lyase activity is found rather insensitive to variations in pH round the pH-optimum at 8.2. Zinc ions activate the reaction. The optimal concentration of zinc ions in the reaction mixture is found to depend on the calcium concentration of samples. Perchloric acid is used for precipitation of proteins. The perchloric ion inhibits the reaction, and a procedure for removing perchlorate is given. Sensitivity of analysis is 0.005 mmol/1 and 0.05 mmol/1 for serum and urine samples, respectively. No contamination of citrate lyase is found, and therefore addition of lactate dehydrogenase is considered unnecessary.
74 citations
TL;DR: The present results indicate that the verdict will in some cases be influenced by the route by which the blood was obtained, and this is higher than previously stated by the World Health Organization and the British Diabetes Association.
Abstract: The simultaneous capillary and venous blood glucose concentrations were measured during 36 oral glucose tolerance tests performed in 36 postmenopausal women. Three of the subjects had chemical diabetes mellitus. In samples obtained before and 120-180 min after the glucose load the differences between capillary and venous blood glucose concentrations were low, whereas samples taken after 15-90 min showed a mean capillary-venous difference of 1.8 mmol/l. This is higher than previously stated by the World Health Organization and the British Diabetes Association. If the definitions that were recommended by these two bodies are used for defining whether the result of an oral glucose tolerance test is to be considered 'normal' or 'abnormal', the present results indicate that the verdict will in some cases be influenced by the route by which the blood was obtained.
64 citations
TL;DR: The fractional uptake of lactate by the leg, the splanchnic region, and the forearm decreased during the course of the infusion, and sodium L(+)-lactate levels were 3 to 5 mmol/l during the infusion.
Abstract: Sodium L(+)-lactate was infused at rates of 5 to 12 mmol/min intravenously for 30 min in healthy volunteers, and the exchange of lactate, glucose, and free fatty acids (FFA) was measured in the leg, the forearm muscle, and the splanchnic region. Arterial lactate levels were 3 to 5 mmol/1 during the infusion. Leg blood flow increased about 2.5-fold and leg oxygen uptake rose by 35%. Blood flow, oxygen uptake, and glucose production in the splanchnic area remained unaltered. The fractional uptake of lactate by the leg, the splanchnic region, and the forearm decreased during the course of the infusion. Skeletal muscle metabolized 35% and the splanchnic area 10% of the lactate administered. Arterial FFA fell during the first half of the infusion period. [14C]oleic acid was used as a tracer, and no change in its specific activity was observed during the lactate infusion, indicating that the decrease in FFA concentration was due to an increase in the rate of removal. No significant change was seen in the rates ...
TL;DR: The hypothesis that the damaging effect on the stomach mucosa of salicylic acid and its derivatives is ascribable to an uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation has been investigated by testing of mitochondria isolated from the corpus gland area of mini-pig gastric mucosa.
Abstract: The hypothesis that the damaging effect on the stomach mucosa of salicylic acid and its derivatives is ascribable to an uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation has been investigated by testing of mitochondria isolated from the corpus gland area of mini-pig gastric mucosa. Mitochondria, influenced by salicylate or acetylsalicylate (0.7-5.6 mmol/l), demonstrated increased respiration rate, decreased respiratory control ratio, and decreased P/O ratio when tested in vitro. Uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation occurred at a salicylate concentration between 3.5 and 5.6 mmol/l.
TL;DR: The study showed a satisfactory reliability of impedance in predicting the relative changed of cardiac output in response to tilting from the supine to the 30 degrees head-up position, to a 10 degreesHead-down position, and to the intravenous administration of propranolol.
Abstract: The cardiac output was measured simultaneously by the impedance cardiography and dye dilution methods in 10 patients with acute myocardial infarction 2–3 weeks after admission to the Coronary Care Unit. The impedance cardiac output was on the average 9.7% higher than the dye dilution cardiac output. The repro-ducibility of impedance cardiac output was 4.1%, compared with 5.1% for the dye dilution method. The study showed a satisfactory reliability of impedance in predicting the relative change of cardiac output in response to tilting from the supine to the 30d` head-up position, to a 10d` head-down position, and to the intravenous administration of propranolol.
TL;DR: The presented data suggest that the assay mainly measures PTH(1-84), which was measurable in serum from 95% of normal subjects, was undetectable in sera from hypoparathyroid patients, and elevated in 96% ofSera from patients with primary hyperparathyroidism.
Abstract: A radioimmunoassay of human parathyroid hormone (PTH) is described. PTH was extracted from serum by adsorption to and elution from microfine silica, causing a 3.2-fold greater hormone concentration in extract than in serum. The extraction procedure eliminated from the assay unspecific interference caused by serum factors. The detection limit was 10 pg bovine PTH. The concentration of PTH was measurable in serum from 95 % of normal subjects (mean, 68 pg/ml; S.D., 18), was undetectable in sera from hypoparathyroid patients, and elevated in 96 % of sera from patients with primary hyperparathyroidism. The presented data suggest that the assay mainly measures PTH(1—84).
TL;DR: Gel filtration showed that a majority of the kappa chains in normal and anephric serum existed as monomers and non-covalently linked dimers, whereas the lambda chains mainly existed as stable, covalently link dimers.
Abstract: Solling, K. Polymeric Forms of Free Light Chains in Serum from Normal Individuals and from Patients with Renal Diseases. Scand. J. clin. Lab. Invest. 36, 447–452, 1976.The polymeric forms of free light chains from the immunoglobulins have been estimated in serum from 10 healthy individuals and from 10 anephric patients. Light chains were also estimated in serum and urine from 29 patients with various degrees of renal insufficiency. The measurements were carried out by a radioimmunoassay. The mean concentrations of light chains in normal serum were found to be 4.9 mg/l for dimeric forms of kappa chains, 5.6 mg/l for monomeric forms of kappa chains, 5.1 mg/l for dimeric forms of lambda chains, and 2.7 mg/l for monomeric forms of lambda chains. The concentration of light chains in anephric man was increased to 5 times the normal level. The concentration of the different forms was 26.7 mg/l for dimeric forms of kappa chains, 29.6 mg/l for monomeric forms of kappa chains, 32.6 mg/l for dimeric forms of lambda ...
TL;DR: Clinical laboratory tests for assessment of thyroid function were performed in 31 patients receiving long-term diphenylhydantoin (DPH) therapy and reduced serum total triiodothyronine and free thyroxine index were found.
Abstract: Clinical laboratory tests for assessment of thyroid function were performed in 31 patients receiving long-term diphenylhydantoin (DPH) therapy. Reduced serum total thyroxine and free thyroxine index were found. The decrease in serum total triiodothyronine and free triiodothyronine index was smaller but statistically significant. DPH had no significant effect on the serum thyrotropin (TSH) concentration and maximal TSH response to TSH-releasing hormone. The absence of reciprocal changes in TSH and serum thyroxine might be due to the near-normal triiodothyronine concentration. Such an explanation would also conform with previous findings that the pituitary contains specific receptors for triiodothyronine but not for thyroxine.
TL;DR: The present data and the previous findings of others suggest the existence of an association between high factor VIII levels and thrombotic states.
Abstract: Factor VIII (AHG) activity was assayed in the plasma specimens from 1016 regular and controlled blood donors. Age and ABO blood groups had highly significant effects on factor VIII concentrations, whereas the effect of sex was not significant. The median in the donors of blood group O rose from 87% at the age of 20 to 119% at the age of 60 years, and the median in blood groups A and B+AB of corresponding ages rose from 108 to 147%. An interaction effect of age and blood groups was present only at the 5% level of significance. The present data and the previous findings of others suggest the existence of an association between high factor VIII levels and thrombotic states.
TL;DR: A group of 62 healthy primigravidae aged 20–26 years participated in an investigation concerning physical work capacity and cardiovascular dynamics during pregnancy and the effect of physical training beginning in the 10th or 14th week of pregnancy and lasting until term.
Abstract: A group of 62 healthy primigravidae aged 20–26 years participated in an investigation concerning physical work capacity and cardiovascular dynamics during pregnancy and the effect of physical training beginning in the 10th or 14th week of pregnancy and lasting until term. The training group consisted of 31 women who were examined every 4 weeks throughout pregnancy, the last examination occurring in the 38th week. The randomly selected control group consisted of 31 women who were examined in the 10th or 14th, in the 26th, and in the 38th week of pregnancy. During the examination the pulse rate and blood pressure were measured in the left lateral position after rest, in the sitting position, and at nearly maximal exertion. The pulse-conducted triangular ECG test was used for determination of physical work capacity. All forms of voluntary exercise were allowed and recommended to the training group, emphasizing strenuous physical exertion. The physical work capacity in the control group spontaneously rose 10%...
TL;DR: Study of the methodological problems involved in measuring systolic blood pressure in all five fingers by the strain gauge technique found the 24-mm-wide cuff to be most suitable for clinical use in fingers I, II, III, and IV.
Abstract: The aim of the present paper was to study the methodological problems involved in measuring systolic blood pressure in all five fingers by the strain gauge technique. In 24 normal subjects, blood pressure at the proximal phalanx of finger I and both at the proximal and the intermediate phalanx of the other fingers was measured using a 24-mm-wide cuff. Blood pressure at the proximal phalanx was higher than that at the intermediate phalanx in all fingers except finger V. The difference of blood pressure values corresponded well with circumference of the finger. In 15 normal subjects, blood pressure at the proximal phalanx was compared in fingers I, III, IV, and V, using 16, 20, 24 and 24 mm wide cuffs. Finger blood pressure was closest to arm systolic blood pressure when a 24-mm or 27-mm-wide cuff was used in fingers I, III, and IV, and with a 20-mm-wide cuff in finger V. As the standard deviation of the mean values was larter with the 27-mm-wide cuff than with the 24-mm-wide cuff, the 24-mm-wide cuff was considered to be most suitable for clinical use in fingers I, II, III, and IV. By using the 20-mm-wide cuff in finger V and the 24-mm-wide cuff in the other fingers, normal value of finger blood pressure was determined for both proximal and intermediate phalanxes.
TL;DR: A simple amidolytic method for the determination of the concentration of functionally active antithrombin III is described, which has a higher accuracy than clotting methods and a close correlation between the results obtained with this assay and with immunoassay of antithROMbin III.
Abstract: A simple amidolytic method for the determination of the concentration of functionally active antithrombin III is described. Plasma is diluted with buffer containing EDTA and Polybrene®. In stage I, diluted plasma is incubated with thrombin. EDTA retards fibrin polymerization, and plasma fibrinogen does not influence the assay. Polybrene makes the assay result independent of heparin. In stage II, remaining thrombin is determined with the chromogenic substrate benzoyl-Phe-Arg-p-NA. The method is simpler and has a higher accuracy than clotting methods. There is a close correlation between the results obtained with this assay and with immunoassay of antithrombin III.
TL;DR: The results indicate that blood sampling individualized according to predicted E values is not necessary and a sufficient precision of E can be achievef for all function levels from three blood samples drawn 180, 240, and 300 min after injection.
Abstract: We have investigated the influence on reproducibility of total [51Cr]EDTA plasma clearance (E) of various times and number of blood samples in patients with normal (13 patients) and low (14 patients) renal function. The study aims at fixing a clinically useful procedure suitable for all levels of renal function. Six different types of E were evaluated with time periods for blood sampling between 3 and 5 h after tracer injection, and the variation from counting radioactivity, sc, was determined as part of total variation, St. Optimum mean time, t(E), for blood sampling was calculated as a function of E, as the mean time giving the least change in E for a given change in the ‘final slope’ of the plasma curve. For patients with normal E, Sc did not contribute significantly to sr, and t(E) was about 2 h. For patients with low renal function sc contributed significantly to st, and t(E) increased steeply with decreasing E. The relative error of sc from fixed E types was calculated for all levels of renal functi...
TL;DR: The results show that the fall in COPi is an important edema-preventing factor during increased venous pressure, whereas a rise in Pi only seems to oppose further increase of an already existing edema.
Abstract: The purpose of the present experiments was to study the effect of a rise in local venous pressure pressure (Pv) on interstitial fluid hydrostatic (Pi) and colloid osmotic pressure (COPi) in rats. The Pv of the hind limb was increased by ligating the iliac veins and the inferior caval vein. Interstitial fluid for protein and COP determination was sampled from subcutaneous tissue of the hind limbs by a wick technique, and the Pi was measured by a modified Scholander technique. When the Pv was increased from 3 to 12 mm Hg, the COPi fell from 9 to 4 mm Hg. The Pi averaged -1 mm Hg under control conditions and was unchanged when the Pv was elevated to 12 mm Hg. No edema was detected. Higher rises in venous pressures resulted in further but less pronounced falls in interstitial fluid COP. Edema developed and the Pi increased to +1 to 2mm Hg. The results show that the fall in COPi is an important edema-preventing factor during increased venous pressure, whereas a rise in Pi only seems to oppose further increase of an already existing edema.
TL;DR: The mean zinc values were rather constant throughout puberty, but boys 13-14 years of age had significantly depressed values, and there was a statistically significant correlation between the serum levels of zinc and RBP.
Abstract: The concentrations of serum zinc and retinol-binding protein (RBP) have been studied with special reference to pubertal development in 132 healthy adolescents and young adults (11-26 years of age). The RBP level remained low during the first three of the five stages of puberty (mean, about 30 mg/l). When puberty degree 4 had been reached, the mean RBP level increased to nearly adult values (about 40 mg/l), the boys having somewhat higher levels than the girls. Use of oral contraceptives significantly increased the RBP level. The mean zinc values were rather constant throughout puberty, but boys 13-14 years of age had significantly depressed values. There was a statistically significant correlation between the serum levels of zinc and RBP.
TL;DR: The mean value of total activity is sufficient to support a maximum rate of glycogen degradation calculated as glucosyl units utilized per kg fresh muscle, of 627 mumol/s, approximately the rate at which glycolysis occurs during a maximum voluntary isometric contraction.
Abstract: Glycogen phosphorylase activity in biopsy samples of the quadriceps muscle of man taken at rest was measured in the direction of glycogen breakdown. The conditions of assay used were pH 6.8 and 35 degrees C. Mean phosphorylase activity per kg fresh muscle in 8 male volunteers was: phosphorylase a - 259 U, and total phosphorylase - 627 U, where 1 U is the production of 1 mumol glucose-1-phosphate/s under the conditions of assay. The mean value of total activity, transposed to the in vivo condition, is sufficient to support a maximum rate of glycogen degradation calculated as glucosyl units utilized per kg fresh muscle, of 627 mumol/s. This is approximately the rate at which glycolysis occurs during a maximum voluntary isometric contraction. The mean ratio of phosphorylase a activity to total activity at rest was 0.40. Estimates of the mean total phosphorylase activity in type I ('slow') muscle fibres isolated from the quadriceps of 9 volunteers ranged from 210-385 U/kg fresh muscle, and in type II ('fast') muscle fibres from 493-934 U/kg fresh muscle. The average ratio of activity in type II fibres compared with that in type I fibres was 2.5.
TL;DR: The results indicate a coupling between the concentration of carnitine and the capacity for long-chained fatty acid oxidation in human skeletal muscles.
Abstract: The relationships between the carnitine concentration and enzyme activities representative of different metabolic pathways, glycogenolysis, glycolysis, beta-oxidation of fatty acids, citric acid cycle, and respiratory chain were studied in skeletal muscle tissue from 18 volunteering subjects. In addition, the in vitro incorporation rates of glucose-carbon and palmitate-carbon into different metabolites, and the concentration of glycogen, triglycerides, and phospholipids were determined in the same tissue specimen. The carnitine concentration correlated positively and statistically significantly with the activities of 3-OH-acyl-CoA dehydrogenase and citrate synthase, with the incorporation rate of palmitate-carbon into CO2, and the incorporation rate of glucose-carbon into lactate in the muscle tissue. The results indicate a coupling between the concentration of carnitine and the capacity for long-chained fatty acid oxidation in human skeletal muscles.
TL;DR: The content of 21 elements in normal epidermis has been determined with the aid of neutron activation analysis and the dermal loss of these elements via desquamation has been calculated in view of its possible importance in balance studies.
Abstract: Molin, L & Wester, P O The Estimated Daily Loss of Trace Elements from Normal Skin by Desquamation Scand J clin Lab Invest 36, 679–682, 1976The content of 21 elements (As, Au, Br, Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cs, Cu, Fe, Hg, K, La, Mo, P, Rb, Sb, Sc, Se, W, and Zn) in normal epidermis has been determined with the aid of neutron activation analysis The dermal loss of these elements via desquamation has been calculated, in view of its possible importance in balance studies For the bulk elements Ca, K, and P, the calculated daily loss is considered to be negligible For some of the trace elements, however, the loss may be appreciable The daily loss of Fe by desquamation may be as much as one fourth of the daily urinary iron excretion; the corresponding fraction for Co, Cu, and Zn is one tenth
TL;DR: It can be concluded that anoxia kidney deterioration is associated with a progressive loss of intracellular oxypurine, and a decreasing ability to regenerate adenylates after reoxygenation, which could be prevented by exogenic addition of adenosine.
Abstract: The adenylate metabolism in rabbit kidney tissue was investigated, by isolated normothermic bloodless perfusion, during anoxic cell deterioration and postanoxic recovery in vitro. The amounts of hypoxanthine washed out during continuous anaerobic perfusion were shown to represent a definite loss of intracellular purine. No salvage of the endogenic liberated oxypurine was found to occur during postanoxic reoxygenation. The ability to restore the content of 5′-adenine nucleotides failed after 60-120 min of anaerobic perfusion. Adenosine, adenine, inosine, hypoxanthine, and Dribose added to the perfusate during reoxygenation were investigated with regard to their ability to stimulate postanoxic adenylate regeneration. Adenosine alone added in a concentration of more than 1 mmol/1 showed a significant stimulation of the adenylate synthesis, with complete regeneration of the adenylate content after 180 min of preceding anoxia. It can be concluded that anoxic kidney deterioration is associated with a progressiv...
TL;DR: Glomerulotubular balance, defined as proportionality between filtered and re-absorbed sodium during inhibition of sodium reabsorption in the thick ascending limb of Henle's loop, was examined in anaesthetized dogs by gradual reduction of renal arterial pressure and no significant effect was observed at GFR below 50% of control.
Abstract: Glomerulotubular balance, defined as proportionality between filtered and reabsorbed sodium during inhibition of sodium reabsorption in the thick ascending limb of Henle's loop (diluting segment), was examined in anaesthetized dogs by gradual reduction of renal arterial pressure. In control experiments, glomerulotubular balance applied over the whole rante of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) examined but was absent after acetazolamide administration (30 mg/kg/body wt) at GFR above 50% of control. Hence, the inhibitory effect of acetazolamide varied with GFR. At control GFR, acetazolamide reduced tubular sodium reabsorption by 32 +/- 2% chloride reabsorption by 34 +/- 3%, and bicarbonate reabsorption by 52 +/- 2%; no significant effect was observed at GFR below 50% of control. For each bicarbonate ion, three sodium ions and two chloride ions were inhibited. Measurements of renal oxygen consumption and heat accumulation rates showed that acetazolamide did not reduce renal metabolic rate significantly. It is proposed that energy-requiring hydrogen ion secretion occurs at unchanges rate during variations in GFR but that back leakage of hydrogen ions varies with bicarbonate concentration in tubular fluid. Net secretion of hydrogen ions is associated with bicarbonate transport into the intercellular space and is linked with sodium reabsorption. The concentration difference of bicarbonate salts over the tight junction (zonula occludens), which is much less permeable to bicarbonate than to sodium chloride, provides the osmotic force for reabsorption of water and sodium chloride from the tubular lumen into the intercellular space. Glomerulotubular balance is mediated by variations in filtered amounts of bicarbonate.
TL;DR: Purified high-density lipoprotein (HDL), obtained by preparative ultracentri-fugation at density 1.063–1.19 g/ml in the cold, were subfractionated by hydroxyl apatite column chromatography and revealed a blocked NH2-terminal amino acid, and had a total amino acid composition that differed from that of A-I and of the arginine-rich polypeptide.
Abstract: Purified high-density lipoprotein (HDL), obtained by preparative ultracentri-fugation at density 1.063–1.19 g/ml in the cold, were subfractionated by hydroxyl apatite column chromatography. Two of the obtained subtractions (subtractions II and III) turned turbid after incubation at 37d` C for 12 h. The turbid material was recovered in the supernatant of D 1.006 g/ml after centrifugation at 30,000 g for 2 h. The lipoprotein fraction causing the turbidity was composed of 94% cholesterol ester and 2% apolipoprotein (by weight). On polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis the apolipoprotein moiety appeared as one polypeptide with the electrophoretic mobility of polypeptide A-I, revealed a blocked NH2-terminal amino acid, and had a total amino acid composition that differed from that of A-I and of the arginine-rich polypeptide.
TL;DR: Acute vasodilatation was produced by infusion of prostaglandin E1 in the femoral artery in 6 patients with occlusive arterial disease of the legs and in 3 normal subjects.
Abstract: Acute vasodilatation was produced by infusion of prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) in the femoral artery in 6 patients with occlusive arterial disease of the legs and in 3 normal subjects. The effect on blood flow and on blood pressure was measured at different segments of the leg with the strain gauge technique, isotope clearance technique, and photoelectric technique. Skin temperature was measured at different levels by using thermocouples. The blood pressure on the legs decreased at all segments during vasodilatation as well in patients as in controls. The blood flow increased in all segments in normal controls. In patients the blood flow increased proximally in the legs. Distally, however, no increase could be demonstrated. As a good effect of PGE1, on ischaemic rest pains has been reported, mechanisms other than vasodilatation should probably be considered.