Showing papers in "Social Science & Medicine. Part F: Medical and Social Ethics in 1981"

TL;DR: In this paper, a review of these studies indicates that few if any, procedures may be defended on the grounds that they improve the quality of life (QOL) of the patient.

TL;DR: Proposed legislation in the United States would not only restrict the use of animals for research but would also interfere with the kinds of research that could be conducted and American scientists are facing three possibilities: mandatory regulation, self-regulation, or some combination of both.

TL;DR: It is argued that the distribution of health care resources is primarily a social obligation based on the principle of equality of opportunity and these social obligations need not involve any sacrifice of fundamental personal freedom by physicians.

TL;DR: The first section of this article examines Sade's argument refuting the notion of a right to health care, showing that his argument is inconclusive, and presents an argument to show that in any society which has the resources to provide basic health care to all its citizens, there is a universal right tobasic health care.

TL;DR: It is argued that while ‘more is better’ may be a perfectly good reason for choosing the larger number, it doesn’t have the status of a universally binding moral evaluation.

TL;DR: Problem definitions in end-stage renal disease that are derived from clinical practice and technical break-throughs will be analyzed in terms of their appropriateness for the social dynamics of the illness experience, illustrated by an analysis of the activities of a renal treatment program.

TL;DR: An attempt is made to classify experimental situations with regard to potential psychological trauma, and to examine in detail the ethics of using higher animals in psychological research and situations in which such use can be justified.

TL;DR: A policy of salvaging cadaver organs for transplantation without need of prior permission is defended on the grounds that the deceased do not have the moral right to deny viable organs to the living.

TL;DR: It is argued that neither of these options is morally defensible, and that it is far preferable when dealing with mentally ill persons who threaten either themselves or others to pursue a course of action which combines determinate sentencing with involuntary treatment.

TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examine some of the general ethical problems faced by behavior modifiers, with special emphasis on the problems which have resulted from an empirical and objective approach to behavior change.

TL;DR: The utility principle can be extended beyond its usual application to human suffering, and applied to the design of more humane, and equally sensitive research with aversive stimuli.

TL;DR: Two interrelated arguments are advanced in support of the claim that the distinction between ordinary and extraordinary means of life-support has no moral significance.

TL;DR: Popper's scheme of the “three worlds” is looked at to try to delineate the field and nature of objective knowledge, in order to chart the nature of debate and argument concerning the conjunction of ethical procedures and psychological activities.

TL;DR: The essay shows that any claim to moral role differentiation for the discipline must involve proposing first that the results of psychological experimentation are of great value to furthering human welfare, and second that these general benefits override the specific harms or disutilities caused to the subjects of particular experiments.

TL;DR: The results were that most subjects did not differentiate among the human populations, and that human and animal experiments were judged by different ethical standards.

TL;DR: The question is raised as to whether the authors' psychological codifiers examined alternative approaches and whether, in approving the Codes, members realized that they were endorsing a particular approach.

TL;DR: The psychological literature supports the view that children under the statutory ages could make a knowledgeable or intelligent decision about drug use, however it is unlikely that children over the age of 16 would make a voluntary decision to use drugs, in the sense that the term voluntary is used in law.

TL;DR: A comparison is made of health care policies and health care delivery systems in the United States, Great Britain, and the U.s.S.R. The differing evolution of the concept of a right to health care in the three countries is traced.

TL;DR: While the practice of medicine is ideally suited for the expression of paternalism, outside of the age-appropriate parent-child relationship, such expression is clearly inappropriate.

TL;DR: The conflict between social science research and the problem of invasion of privacy was discussed and social scientists were urged to sensitize themselves to societal concerns over privacy rights.

TL;DR: Recent debates about ethical issues in British psychology are illustrated by three examples, namely the development of an ethical code by the British Psychological Society, the ethical and legal implications of psychological research with animals, and deliberations concerning the desirability of ethical constraints for programmes of behaviour modification in hospitals.