Showing papers in "The Counseling Psychologist in 1989"
TL;DR: In this article, a theory of psychological Nigrescence that hypothesizes the changes in racial identity that a Black person can experience at various points in the life-cycle process is discussed.
Abstract: This article is an attempt to expand the descriptive characteristics of the Cross model by discussing a theory of psychological Nigrescence that hypothesizes the changes in racial identity that a Black person can experience at various points in the life-cycle process. In this discussion, I will attempt to describe how various stages of racial identity are manifest at three periods of life: late adolescence/early adulthood, middle adulthood, and late adulthood. I will conclude with a discussion of the implications for counseling Blacks who display varying degrees of racial identity attitudes.
423Â citations
TL;DR: In this article, the major paradigms that are different from the positivistic research tradition of reductive experimentation are reviewed and an approach to teaching these paradigmologies in graduate counseling psychology programs is presented.
Abstract: This article reviews the major paradigms that are different from the positivistic research tradition of reductive experimentation and presents an approach to teaching these paradigms in graduate counseling psychology programs. Arguments and issues related to broadening reductive-positivist conceptions of research are first summarized. Three alternate paradigms, (a) the naturalistic-ethnographic, (b) the phenomenological, and (c) the cybernetic, as well as other high-context approaches are described. Each paradigm is presented in terms of its conceptual base, methodological characteristics, applications, types of research questions it can address, and its strengths and limitations. A curriculum for teaching these alternate paradigms as an extension of standard research courses is proposed. The teaching philosophy, teaching-learning mechanisms, instructional resources, and observations from past experiences of implementation are given. It is argued that such teaching would promote students 'epistemic develo...
265Â citations
TL;DR: Theories of religious development are reviewed in the initial section of the article as mentioned in this paper, and the implications of theory and research on religious involvement in therapy are investigated, and number of important questions for assessment, treatment, and research are identified.
Abstract: The thesis of this article is that psychologists can benefit in assessment and counseling of clients and in research by understanding the religious development of many of their religious clients throughout the life span. Theories of religious development are reviewed in the initial section of the article. Generally, the early life of the religious person is well described by using a variety of stage theories; however, at adolescence and beyond, prediction is enhanced by using life-event or transition theory perspectives. In the second section, research is reviewed on a variety of issues involving religion over the life span. In the final section, the implications of theory and research on religious involvement in therapy are investigated, and number of important questions for assessment, treatment, and research are identified
146Â citations
TL;DR: This article argued that Nigrescence or Black racial identity theory often interacts with counseling psychology research designs in ways that may lead readers to underestimate the worth of such research as well as misunderstand its meaning.
Abstract: In this article, it is argued that Nigrescence or Black racial identity theory often interacts with counseling psychology research designs in ways that may lead readers to underestimate the worth of such research as well as misunderstand its meaning. Particular methodological dilemmas resulting from the interactions among theoretical formulations, environmental influences, and research participants' racial identity characteristics are addressed. Possible strategies for addressing these issues as well as those shared with other types of visible racial/ethnic group (VREG) research are offered.
128Â citations
TL;DR: In this article, it is argued that a null educational environment (Freeman, 1979) that ignores individuals is inherently discriminatory against women because external societal environments are different for men and women with respect to the amount of encouragement they receive for nontraditional career aspirations and achievements.
Abstract: It is argued that a null educational environment (Freeman, 1979) that ignores individuals is inherently discriminatory against women because external societal environments are different for men and women with respect to the amount of encouragement they receive for nontraditional career aspirations and achievements. This argument is supported by references to the literature and by describing the effects of a null environment on the career development of the author. Implications for counseling include (a) advocating a more directive approach with women to combat both a differentiating socialization history and a null environment and (b) generalizing this approach to the goal of helping all clients develop their individual potential in the face of societal pressures contrary to individual self-actualization.
124Â citations
76Â citations
TL;DR: This article examined female counseling psychology doctoral students' perceptions of the type and extent of training they had received concerning lesbian and gay people, and found that female students receive little exposure to lesbian- or gay-related issues or to lesbian or gay clients and thus are not trained to work with these clients.
Abstract: This study examined female counseling psychology doctoral students' perceptions of the type and extent of training they had received concerning lesbian and gay people. Participants, 213 female students from at least 31 counseling psychology programs, completed a 33-item survey designed to examine their perceptions of the frequency and manner in which lesbian and gay issues were addressed in their training. Results of the analyses indicated that female students receive little exposure to lesbian- or gay-related issues or to lesbian or gay clients and thus are not trained to work with these clients. Further results and implications are presented and discussed
67Â citations
58Â citations
36Â citations
35Â citations
TL;DR: In this article, all surveys of counseling psychology training programs conducted by the Council of Counseling Psychology Training Programs from 1975 through 1987 were reviewed and the authors calculated and analyzed for trends for the following program characteristics: student applications and admissions, matriculated students, financial aid, internship placements, and initial employment settings.
Abstract: All surveys of counseling psychology training programs conducted by the Council of Counseling Psychology Training Programs from 1975 through 1987 were reviewed. Descriptive statistics were calculated and analyzed for trends for the following program characteristics: student applications and admissions, matriculated students, financial aid, internship placements, and initial employment settings. Results indicate (a) distinctly different trends between APA- and non-APA-accredited programs in many program characteristics, (b) increasing female applications, admissions, and enrollments, (c)no improvement in minority student admissions, (d) increasing hospital internships, and (e) increasing initial job placements in hospitals, community mental health centers, and private practice.
TL;DR: The International Association of Counseling Services recommendation of "administrative neutrality" provides a conceptual tool usefu... The professional literature and the professional association ethical codes offer little guidance on how to respond to these pressures.
Abstract: College and university counseling centers have dual loyalties to both individuals and institutions that can create difficult conflicts of interest. Skillful juggling of conflicting loyalties is one of the variables that define college counseling as a mental health specialty. Conflicts typically involve pressures either to breach confidentiality or, more problematically, to involve the agency in administrative functions and decisions. The professional literature and the professional association ethical codes offer little guidance on how to respond to these pressures. A number of variables such as institutional size and stability, administrative location, agency history, degree of external pressure, degree of consensus on the counseling center s role, philosophy of psychological services, and the current ethical and legal climate influence how difficult the juggling act may be. The International Association of Counseling Services recommendation of "administrative neutrality" provides a conceptual tool usefu...
TL;DR: In this paper, a discussion of the individual uniqueness of human cognitive structures and the uncertainty of human social actions leads to a philosophical analysis of the relevance of these observations for a human social science of counseling psychology.
Abstract: Cognitively oriented research on counseling and psychotherapy is criticized for ignoring the full implications of cognitive mediation for therapeutic science. A discussion of the individual uniqueness of human cognitive structures and the uncertainty of human social actions leads to a philosophical analysis of the relevance of these observations for a human social science of counseling psychology. Against this background, criteria for the conduct of cognitive-mediational therapeutic research are proposed and illustrated, as part of a larger proposal for multifaceted inquiry into therapeutic events and effects. In the later part of the article, implications of this proposal for the relationship between scientific theory and professional practice in counseling psychology are explored. Throughout the discussion, salient distinctions among experimental cognitive psychology, hermeneutic inquiry, and cognitive-mediational therapeutic research are elaborated.
TL;DR: In this article, a strategy for reporting child abuse or neglect, balancing ethical responsibilities and clinical limit setting, is presented in decision-tree form, the strategy is a hierarchy of autonomy respecting acts offering clients a variety of options for reporting abuse and neglect.
Abstract: This article outlines a strategy for reporting child abuse or neglect, balancing ethical responsibilities and clinical limit setting. Presented in decision-tree form, the strategy is a hierarchy of autonomy respecting acts offering clients a variety of options for reporting abuse or neglect.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examined the professional identity of counseling psychologists in Australia and found that the importance of activities to their present and ideal positions as counseling psychologists were surveyed by 114 members of the Board of Counselling Psychologists within the Australian Psychological Society.
Abstract: This study examined the professional identity of counseling psychologists in Australia. Subjects were 114 members of the Board of Counselling Psychologists within the Australian Psychological Society who responded to a survey questionnaire that tapped demographic and professional activity information. Respondents rated the importance of activities to their present and ideal positions as counseling psychologists. Factor analysis of ratings showed a structure of activities of which consultation and education, goal-directed counseling, depth psychotherapy, and program development and evaluation were most important. Research and assessment activities were seen as least important. Differences in importance ratings were found as a function of respondent employment setting. Results show similarities to earlier studies and suggest that the professional identity of counseling psychologists based on activities extends across national boundaries.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors analyzed the uses and effects of coding schemes in research on counseling process and outcome and concluded that the interpretation of counseling events in terms of the categories of a coding scheme attenuates at adequate description of those events whenever the researcher uses the coder's interpretation of events as if it were veridical with the participants' inter prctation.
Abstract: The uses and effects of coding schemes in research on counseling process and outcome are analyzed. It is concluded that the interpretation1 of counseling events in terms of the categories of a coding scheme attenuates at adequate description of those events whenever the researcher uses the coder `s interpretation of events as if it were veridical with the participants' inter prctation. Conversation analysis and ethnomethodology are proposed as alternate methods of data collection. These methods rely on detailed observation of the sequential utterances of counselor and client in order to identify the structures of their interaction that lend the encounter its perceived character for the participants. Thus, the context of meaning created by the participants through their relationship of interaction is made topical in the analysis of the ongoing even is of the interview.
TL;DR: This paper surveyed all APA-affiliated master's-degree holders who identified their specialty as counseling and found that counselors spent a large portion of their professional time performing psychotherapy/personal counseling, were employed primarily in practice rather than academic settings, and viewed themselves primarily as practitioners.
Abstract: Previous literature about the master's degree has focused largely on clinical psychology training and practice. To complement this body of literature, we surveyed all APA-affiliated master's-degree holders who identified their specialty as counseling. Similar to Perlman's (1985a) survey in which APA-affiliated master's-level clinicians were compared with Division 12 (Clinical) members, we compared our master's sample with a Division 17 (Counseling) doctoral-level sample. The master's-level counselors spent a large portion of their professional time performing psychotherapy/personal counseling, were employed primarily in practice rather than academic settings, and viewed themselves primarily as practitioners. They generally were satisfied with their graduate training and careers, but many indicated they would not reenter the counseling specialty if their lives could be lived over. Contrary to the Division 17 sample, the master's-level counselors engaged in little research or teaching and typically did not ...
TL;DR: The Women's Committee of the Division of Counseling Psychology (Division 17) of the American Psychological Association (APA) as discussed by the authors was founded in 1970, and the women's movement of the early 1970s was discussed in detail.
Abstract: We reviewed events establishing the Women's Committee of the Division of Counseling Psychology (Division 17) of the American Psychological Association. We organized a historical record of our founding, the context surrounding it, and the reasons we believe the Women's Committee was successful. We discuss our disappointment at some unintended consequences of the women's movement of the early 1970s, and indicate issues which concern us and which constitute unfinished work for those who are committed to equality for women.
TL;DR: A survey of counseling psychology training directions (N = 34), housed partly or completely in colleges of education, revealed that the most frequently cited benefits of being housed in education were compatibility of the CP program with the college mission, the esteem it which the CP progratm7 was held in the college, and the accessibility of related programs in educational and school psychology as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: A survey of counseling psychology (CP) training directions (N = 34), housed partly or completely in colleges of education, revealed that the most frequently cited benefits of being housed in education were compatibility of the CP program with the college mission, the esteem it which the CP progratm7 was held in the college, and the accessibility of related programs in educational and school psychology. The most frequently cited disadvantages involved the perception that psychologist colleagues (e.g., licensing boards) did not find education hou0sing credible, lack of fit with the K-12 mission, and limited funding. CP respondents preferred to be housed in education and would choose it if given the chance. Thus, although some advantages and disadvantages of housing in education were reported, no widespread dissatisfaction was found.