Showing papers in "The Counseling Psychologist in 1991"

Counseling International Students

Abstract: The tendency to either overemphasize or underemphasize differences when counseling international students is documented in research literature. However, there has been little systematic research and still fewer comprehensive theories about counseling international students. The numerous theories available tend to either emphasize the importance of changing the student or person in an adjustment mode, or changing the situation in a more behaviorist mode. Critical incidents collected while counseling international students at the University of Minnesota demonstrate the typical problems encountered and suggest approaches to manage those problems. The critical incidents and responses suggest that informal methods and informal counseling contexts become especially important in counseling international students. Other practical suggestions and tools are discussed to aid those who provide counseling to international students. A list of topics for future research is also presented.

The Hidden Minority Issues and Challenges in Working with Lesbian Women and Gay Men

Abstract: This article provides an overview of salient issues related to scientific and therapeutic work with lesbian women and gay men. It is presented in five sections which provide the reader with a review of terms and concepts; a sense of the social context (historically and currently) faced by gay people, a discussion of psychology s approach to gay/lesbian issues, an overview of gay identity development; and an outline of roles and responsibilities of counseling psychologists in working with these populations. Resources are indicated for those wishing further information and direction.

White Racial Identity Development and Cross-Cultural Counselor Training A Stage Model

Abstract: This article integrates the work of cross-cultural counselor-training development theorists (Carney & Kahn, 1984; Rowe, 1989), racial-identity development specialists (e.g., Helms, 1984), and cross-cultural counseling competency experts (e.g., Sue et al, 1982) in the formation of a comprehensive multicultural training model for majority-group (White, middle-class) counselors. Past developmental models are criticized for their failure to consider the White counselor's racial-identity (or consciousness) development as an integral component of multicultural training. The article reviews and integrates extant stage models of White racial consciousness, describes how counselors progress through variousstages, and specifically presents training regimens to facilitate counselors' sequential movement through the model. The article concludes with specific research antd policy recommendations.

Training Issues for Counseling Psychologists in Working with Lesbian Women and Gay Men

Abstract: Counseling psychology professional organizations clearly state that discrimination on the basis of minority status-be it racial/ethnic, sexual orientation, gender, or other-is unethical and unacceptable. Unfortunately, many counselors and counseling psychologists have received little training with regard to lesbian and gay issues. This article presents ways in which these issues can and should be incorporated into counseling psychology training programs. Academic and internship training are addressed, followed by a discussion of the importance of a safe and appropriate environment for lesbian and gay personnel Specific recommendations are presented and discussed.

Affirmative Psychotherapy for Lesbian Women

Abstract: This article explores the unique issues and concerns facing lesbian women in our culture. Theoretical issues and effective therapeutic interventions in counseling lesbians are examined. Specific content areas highlighted include lesbian identity development and management, interpersonal and couple issues, and specific problems such as substance abuse, domestic violence, and sexual abuse. The article concludes with recommendations for treatment and suggestions for research.

Lesbian Career Development, Work Behavior, and Vocational Counseling

Abstract: Women 's career development has recently been a popular topic in counseling psychology, for both theoretical and empirical work This article extends that line of inquiry to address the unique career development issues of lesbians. The available literature on lesbians and work is reviewed, and parallels are drawn between the work experiences of lesbians, nonlesbian women, and other minority status groups. Three models of career development in women (Astin, 1985; Farmer, 1985; Gottfredson, 1981) are presented, and the applicability of each theory to increasing understanding of lesbian experience is explored. Implications for vocational and work-related counseling for lesbians are suggested and recommendations for the field are made.

Two Conflicting Calls for Methodological Reform

Abstract: Two significantly different calls for methodological reform in counseling psychology are currently being made. One call, termed the "new paradigm,>" proposes to replace the present quantitative methods with qualitative ones. The other call proposes a methodological diversity whereby qualitative methods supplement quantitative ones. These two calls are compared in terms of rhetoric, philosophy of science, and clinical utility. The comparisons result in preference for the call for diversity.

Affirmative Psychotherapy for Gay Men

Abstract: This article explores unique issues that confront gay male clients These issues include identity development and management, interpersonal issues, and special issues, such as the impact of aging, antigay violence, and acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). Diversity within the male gay community is also addressed throughout the article, and case examples are used to illustrate issues more fully. The article concludes with recommendations for treatment and research

Counseling the HIV-Infected Client A Psychosocial Model for Assessment and Intervention

Abstract: The emerging empirical and clinical literature on the psychosocial issues of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) has only begun to guide clinicians in their work with seropositive clients. This article presents a model that provides a conceptual framework for assessing the client's resources as he or she attempts to address the psychosocial issues that may occur as a result of this disease. The model has four components: special characteristics, social supports, situation, and client characteristics. It is hypothesized that these client resources predict or moderate the clients response to HIV infection. Responses to HIV infection are discussed followed by counseling strategies and interventions to address each response or reaction. Case management issues are presented including ethical dilemmas, rethinking clinical goals, the changing boundaries of the therapeutic relationship, transference, and countertransference.

Ethical Issues in the Conduct of Supervision

Abstract: The American Psychological Association code of ethics is used to understand the ethical issues present in the conduct of supervision Because supervision is characterized by goals of behavior change, has many qualities similar to therapy, and by definition requires multiple roles of its participants, it should be considered a psychological intervention particularly vulnerable to ethical misconduct The ethical issues of responsibility, client and supervisee welfare, confidentiality, competency, moral and legal standards, public statements, and professional relationships are discussed in relation to supervision

Research and Practice Roles for Counseling Psychologists in Health Care Settings

Abstract: This article reviews applications of counseling psychology to problems of physical health. Three areas of application are considered, chosen to illustrate ways in which traditional emphases of counseling psychology-counseling and psychoeducational models of direct service, counseling skills training, and consultation -can be used to prevent or remediate problems of physical health and illness. In addition to describing these applications, special issues of psychological practice in health care settings are considered, with particular emphasis on stresses on ethics and service delivery guidelines, decision-making criteria within medical settings, and multidisciplinary conflicts.

A Contextualist Model of Professional Attainment: Results of a Longitudinal Study of Career Paths of Men and Women

Abstract: This study investigates the importance, in adolescence, of motivational, contextual, and demographic variables in predicting professional attainment in the early stages of career development. Using a synthesis of two theories; the Levinson Life Cycle and the Astin Theory of Career Choice, longitudinal data derived from approximately 3,000 adolescent students over a 10-year period from final year secondary school through to the age of 27 was analyzed using LISREL structural equation modeling. Predictor variables were selected from the data in line with a new contextualist theoretical model of career choice that contained variable blocks or conceptual "career tracks," comprising socioeconomic background, sex role socialization, work motivation, external constraints operating on choice, and career planning. Results from the study showed that external contextual factors such as socialization influences from the family parental expectations and occupational expectations and individual factors such as ability a...

Intern Evaluation in University Counseling Centers Process, Problems, and Recommendations

Abstract: This article discusses the need for more rigorous evaluations due to the demands faced by today's intern, as well as the practical challenges faced by intern evaluators. Recommendations are provided to strengthen the process of intern evaluation. The strengths and weaknesses of scales that can be used to evaluate interns are discussed. A framework is given for developing an intern rating system, considering both what areas of intern training to evaluate and how to select appropriate content items. Finally, a 7-point intern professional growth scale is presented that focuses on the development of applied skills throughout the internship year. Exit criteria are offered.

Counseling Psychology and Health Applications

Abstract: Roles for psychologists in health settings have greatly expanded over the past two decades. Although early goals of counseling psychology aligned with health promotion concepts, counseling psychologists have been slow to assert themselves in the health field Opportunities for the future involvement of counseling psychologists in health applications are examined in terms of (a) evolving definitions of health specialties; (b) changes currently taking place in conceptual models for health, disease, and medicine; and (c) issues related to the future involvement of counseling psychologists in the health field

Clinical Inquiry as Scientific Training

Abstract: This article addresses the prospect of approaching clinical inquiry as a scientific activity and considering counseling practice as a context for the scientific training of the counseling psychologist. Problems in attempting to find a common ground between clinical teaching and research training are first discussed. A nonadversarial relationship between research and practice is sought by acknowledging common issues of epistemology and proposing a continuum of knowledge processes used by the scientist-practitioner in research and practice. It is proposed that scientific training needs to be defined not only by the ability to conduct formal research but also in terms of the development of those attitudes, skills, and qualities of mind that are essential to all investigative activities and acts of knowing in human inquiry. Recommendations for areas of training emphasis are made on the basis of cognitive research and the experience of teaching research, clinical inquiry, and practice as philosophically linked...

Fellowship Behavior in Division 17 and the MOMM Cartel

Abstract: Graduates and employees of four institutions-the MOMM Cartel-dominate every science and practice organ of Division 17's governing body. Counseling psychologists from the other 60 academic programs (the OUTSIDERs) face numerous barriers to professional ascendancy. Six of 13 fellow nominees during the 1988-1989 year were MOMM members; none were rejected. Three OUTSIDERs were elected; four were rejected. Mean scholarly productivity for each group was 13, 21.3, and 19.7 Psyc LIT citations, respectively. The accepted OUTSIDERs were significantly more productive than the MOMMs; two of the four rejected OUTSIDERs ranked numbers one and two in scholarly productivity among all nominees. No relationship appeared between scholarship and fellow decisions; MOMM membership strongly predicted election to fellow status. Personal familiarity with the evaluators, rather than professional service, apparently accounts for these filings -a variant of the "Matthew Effect" discussed in the sociology-of-science literature Recomm...

Assessment in Counseling Psychology Do we Practice what we Teach

Abstract: There is some evidence that the role of psychological assessment in counseling psychology is changing. Relatively little is known about the specific aspects of current training in assessment, however. Training directors of American Psychological Association (APA) approved counseling psychology programs and APA-approved internship sites were surveyed to determine the extent of training in psychological assessment procedures. Results indicated that (a) clinical interview is the most widely used assessment procedure; (b) the role of vocational assessment is changing; (c) different assessment procedures are emphasized in academic and field training; (d) proficiency in different assessment procedures is expected at different points in training; and (e) some differences in the use of assessment procedures exist among internship settings, with counseling centers being the most divergent. Results suggest that to keep training efforts current, those involved in training counseling psychologists need to be aware of...