Showing papers in "The Journal of Asian Studies in 1993"
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors describe the early days in the Imperial Valley and the construction of ethnic identity in rural California by exploring ethnicity and conflict and love in the Marriages.
Abstract: Preface Part I: Introduction 1. Exploring Ethnicity Part II: The World of the Pioneers 2. Contexts: California and the Punjab 3. Early Days in the Imperial Valley 4. Marriages and Children 5. Male and Female Networks 6. Conflict and Love in the Marriages Part III: The Construction of Ethnic Identity 7. Childhood in Rural California 8. The Second Generation Comes of Age 9. Political Change and Ethnic Identity 10. Encounters with the Other 11. Contending Voices Appendixes Notes Bibliography Index
155 citations
TL;DR: Gouri as mentioned in this paper discusses how old Kerala gave way to Janamma, 1860-1940, and how public politics took hold in the country during World War II. And how 'the model' took shape.
Abstract: List of Tables - Preface - List of Abbreviations - Chronology - Introduction - PART 1: HOW OLD KERALA GAVE WAY Janamma, 1860-1940 - Old Kerala - Family - Education - Economy and Attitudes - PART 2: HOW PUBLIC POLITICS TOOK HOLD Mary Poonen Lukose, 1886-1976 - Christians Suggest - 'Communities' Form - Nationalism Inspires - Classes Organize - PART 3: HOW 'THE MODEL' TOOK SHAPE Akkamma Cheriyan Varky, 1909-82 - Education - Land - Well-Being - Conclusion K.R.Gouri - Glossary - Notes - Select Bibliography - Index
127 citations
TL;DR: This paper explored and analyzed instances of everyday resistance in South Asian history and society, covering groups from peasants to urban labourers, and from women to merchants, and depicted the processes of nonconfrontational behaviour which contest existing structures of power.
Abstract: Historians, sociologists and political scientists have long been interested in riots, rebellions and revolutions. More recently, however, they have focused attention upon quieter, less dramatic confrontations between oppressors and the oppressed. They have pointed out that resistance can occur in "everday" forms. The specific shapes of everyday resistance are both determined by, and an aspect of, various socio-economic and cultural practices. The present volume explores and analyzes instances of everyday resistance in South Asian history and society. The eight essays cover groups from peasants to urban labourers, and from women to merchants. Several of the essays use unconventional sources and methods to supplement archival research while depicting the processes of the sorts of non-confrontational behaviour which contest existing structures of power. Seen as a whole, the volume suggests that the notion of resistance can be rethought and extended to take in and understand large areas of social activity.
126 citations
TL;DR: From december 1992 through january 1993, more than 3,000 people were killed in "communal" riots across India, from Surat to Calcutta, from Kanpur to Bangalore.
Abstract: From december 1992 through january 1993, more than 3,000 people were killed in “communal” rioting across India, from Surat to Calcutta, from Kanpur to Bangalore. The likes of this rioting had not been seen for generations; in Bombay, for example, more than 600 people died, and the city was brought to a standstill for a week and a half. These recent events were related to but exceeded even the gruesome slaughters that took place in the last quarter of 1990, when a communal “frenzy” took hold that was then viewed as unprecedented in post-Partition India (Engineer 1991a, cf. 1991b).
115 citations
TL;DR: Doronila as mentioned in this paper analyzes Indonesia's economic policies and performance in the previous decade and assesses Indonesia's process of economic restructuring, and its implications for the country's future economic development.
Abstract: This book analyzes Indonesia's economic policies and performance in the previous decade. It assesses Indonesia's process of economic restructuring, and its implications for the country's future economic development. Doronila examines fiscal practices and assesses the performance of crucial economic sectors. He also examines the implications of economic restructuring and deregulation policies for the people of Indonesia and provides insight into the problems of restored democracies that are struggling to survive economic crises and military revolt.
113 citations
106 citations
TL;DR: Heesterman as mentioned in this paper argues that Vedic sacrifice was primarily concerned with the broken world of the warrior and sacrificer, which was definitively broken up and replaced with the ritrualism of the single, unopposed sacrificer.
Abstract: In this book, J. C. Heesterman attempts to understand the origins and nature of Vedic sacrifice--the complex compound of ritual practices that stood at the center of ancient Indian religion.Paying close attention to anomalous elements within both the Vedic ritual texts, the "brahmanas," and the ritual manuals, the "srautasutras," Heesterman reconstructs the ideal sacrifice as consisting of four moments: killing, destruction, feasting, and contest. He shows that Vedic sacrifice all but exclusively stressed the offering in the fire--the element of destruction--at the expense of the other elements. Notably, the contest was radically eliminated. At the same time sacrifice was withdrawn from society to become the sole concern of the individual sacrificer. The ritual turns in on the individual as "self-sacrificer" who realizes through the internalized knowledge of the ritual the immortal Self. At this point the sacrificial cult of the fire recedes behind doctrine of the "atman's" transcendence and unity with the cosmic principle, the "brahman."Based on his intensive analysis Heesterman argues that Vedic sacrifice was primarily concerned with the broken world of the warrior and sacrificer. This world, already broken in itself by the violence of the sacrificial contest, was definitively broken up and replaced with the ritrualism of the single, unopposed sacrificer. However, the basic problem of sacrifice--the riddle of life and death--keeps breaking too surface in the form of incongruities, contradictions, tensions, and oppositions that have perplexed both the ancient ritual theorists and the modern scholar.
100 citations
95 citations
TL;DR: The Pilgrimage in China Women Women Pilgrims to T'ai Shan: Some Pages from a Seventeenth-Century Novel An Ambivalent Pilgrim to Wu-tang Shan as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: Introduction: Pilgrimage in China Women Pilgrims to T'ai Shan: Some Pages from a Seventeenth-Century Novel An Ambivalent Pilgrim to T'ai Shan in the Seventeenth Century Chang Shang-ying on Wu-t'ai Shan Relics and Flesh Bodies: The Creation of Ch'an Pilgrimage Sites P'u-t'o Shan: Pilgrimage and the Creation of the Chinese Potalaka Huang Shan Paintings as Pilgrimage Pictures The Pilgrimage to Wu-tang Shan The Peking Pilgrimage to Miao-feng Shan: Religious Organizations and Sacred Sites Reading the Chairman Mao Memorial Hall in Peking: The Tribulations of the Implied Pilgrim
95 citations
TL;DR: A travers l'image des courtisanes, l'A. retrace un double processus dans la dissemination bouddhiste des symboles parmi les masses populaires as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: Lorque les institutions bouddhistes ont fait porter leur effort d'evangelisation en direction des masses populaires durant les periodes Kamakura et Muromachi (1192-1573), ils ont ete confrontes a un systeme de croyances populaires derriere lequel leur nouvelle audience etait profondement retranchee. Malgre les variations locales a propos des noms de divinites adorees et des ceremonies rituelles, une serie de pratiques profanes percues comme de dangereux tabous, a donne aux japonais un denominateur commun qui transcende les frontieres. A travers l'image des courtisanes, l'A. retrace un double processus dans la dissemination bouddhiste des symboles parmi les masses populaires
89 citations
TL;DR: This paper investigated how average citizens in the United States and Japan think about and judge various kinds of wrongdoing, how they determine who is responsible when things go wrong, and how they prefer to punish offenders.
Abstract: It is a fundamental human impulse to seek restitution or retribution when a wrong is done, yet individuals and societies assess responsibility and allocate punishment for wrongdoing in different ways. This book investigates how average citizens in the United States and Japan think about and judge various kinds of wrongdoing, how they determine who is responsible when things go wrong, and how they prefer to punish offenders. Drawing on the results of surveys they conducted in Detroit, Michigan, and Yokohama and Kanazawa, Japan, the authors compare both individual and cultural reactions to wrongdoing. They find that decisions about justice are influenced by whether or not there seems to be a social relationship between the offender and victim: the American tendency is to see actors in isolation while the Japanese tendency is to see them in relation to others. The Japanese, who emphasize the importance of role obligations and social ties, mete out punishment with the goal of restoring the offender to the social network. Americans, who acknowledge fewer \"ties that bind\" and have firmer convictions that evil resides in individuals, punish wrongdoers by isolating them from the community. The authors explore the implications of \"justice among friends\" versus \"justice toward strangers\" as approaches to the righting of wrongs in modern society. Their findings will be of interest to students of social psychology, the sociology of law, and Japanese studies.
TL;DR: Hong Kong in the Chinese Revolution, 1911-12 The Boycott of the Hong Kong Tramway, 1912-13 as discussed by the authors, and the Anti-American Boycott, 1905-6 The Anti-Japanese Boycott and Riot in 1908.
Abstract: Historical Setting: The Making of an Entrepot A Frontier Settlement: The Chinese Community Under Alien Rule, 1840s-1860s The Chinese Community in a Colonial Situation, the 1870s-1900s Coolies in the British Colony Popular Insurrection in 1884 During the Sino-French War Coolie Unrest and Elitist Nationalism, 1887-1900 The Anti-American Boycott, 1905-6 The Anti-Japanese Boycott and Riot in 1908 Hong Kong in the Chinese Revolution, 1911-12 The Boycott of the Hong Kong Tramway, 1912-13.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors argue that development is often a label masking plunder and violence, and propose alternatives to such forms of progress, and illustrate their arguments with numerous case studies concerning the ''wrong'' kinds of development.
Abstract: The idea of \"development\", especially in the last few decades, has been closely identified with progress, modernity and emancipation. It has also acquired an aura of indisputable inexorability. This treatise on the environment argues that this view is misleading, and that development is often a label masking plunder and violence. The author illustrates his arguments with numerous case studies concerning the \"wrong\" kinds of development, and proposes many viable alternatives to such forms of progress.
TL;DR: Popular south Indian cinema is a highly melodramatic entertainment form, plotted around improbable twists of fate and set in exaggerated locales, filled with songs, dances, and fight scenes as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: Popular south Indian cinema is a highly melodramatic entertainment form, plotted around improbable twists of fate and set in exaggerated locales, filled with songs, dances, and fight scenes Patronized primarily by the poor, it is typically dismissed by critics, who find its vast popularity either bemusing or indicative of viewers moral and intellectual degradation Even more confounding for many observers has been cinema's critical role in state and national politics
TL;DR: In this paper, the structural characteristics of third world societies affect state policy choices in the industrial realm, and explores the relationship between industrial development in late-industrializing third world countries with industrial change in advanced industrial societies.
Abstract: Contrasting industrial development in late-industrializing third world countries with industrial change in advanced industrial societies, Bowie (politics, Catholic U.) shows how the structural characteristics of third world societies affect state policy choices in the industrial realm, and explores
TL;DR: The Tablighi Jama'a as discussed by the authors, a movement of spiritual renewal widely known as the Tablīghī Jama'āt dates from the 1920s and exists today throughout the world, has consistently used vernacular works based on translations of the Qur'a and especially hadith in its quietistic work of inculcating correct and devoted religious practice among Muslims.
Abstract: The north indian movement of spiritual renewal widely known as the Tablīghī Jama'āt dates from the 1920s and exists today throughout the world. The movement's fundamental goal has been tablīgh: “conveying,” specifically conveying sharī'ā-based guidance. To this end, it has consistently used vernacular works based on translations of the Qur'ān and, especially, hadīth in its quietistic work of inculcating correct and devoted religious practice among Muslims. In this use of the vernacular, primarily Urdu, the movement has been heir to over a century of translation and subsequent publication of religious works. These publications, often in inexpensive format, have been produced by the lithographic presses that became especially common in the late nineteenth century. As in the Indonesian cases considered in this symposium, the 1930s and early 1940s were a key period for translating and printing influential texts based largely on translation of hadith. In this period, the reformists' printed texts not only reached a larger number of people but were used in new settings as Tabligh institutions evolved. Texts were never meant to stand alone and have always been secondary to practice.
TL;DR: The concept of evil and social order in Indian melodrama: an evolving dialectic as discussed by the authors, and the concept of power, pleasure and desire: the female body in Filipino Melodrama, postmodernism and Japanese cinema.
Abstract: 1. Introduction 2. Melodrama/subjectivity/ideology: Western melodrama theories and their relevance (or not) to recent Chinese cinema 3. Symbolic representation and symbolic violence: Chinese family melodrama of the early 1980's 4. The Goddess. Reflections on melodrama East and West 5. History and its discontent: melodrama as historical understanding 6. Melodrama, postmodernism and Japanese cinema 7. Staging the subject: the melodramatisation of gender in An Actor's Revenge 8. Insiders and outsiders: cross-cultural criticism and Japanese film melodrama 9. Psyches, ideologies and melodrama: US and Japan 10. Andaz 11. The concept of evil and social order in Indian melodrama: an evolving dialectic 12. Politics of melodrama in Indonesian cinema 13. Power, pleasure and desire: the female body in Filipino melodrama 14. The register of nightmare: melodrama as it (dis)appears in Australian film 15. Overview: what is American about film study in America?
TL;DR: In the aftermath of the Tiananmen Square massacre of June 1989, a group of scholars formed the China Documentation Project to gather information and interview witnesses of the Democracy Movement on its violent suppression as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: In the aftermath of the Tiananmen Square massacre of June 1989, a group of scholars formed the China Documentation Project to gather information and interview witnesses of the Democracy Movement on its violent suppression. The author was a key member of that group. His book provides a chilling narrative of events from April 1989 up to and beyond the scenes that shocked the world. Filled with vivid personal accounts, the study analyzes the role and actions of the military as well as the protestors. Brook also presents controversial evidence revealing how close China came to intramilitary conflict, as units which had participated in the massacre were confronted by those who had not.
TL;DR: The authors found that the dynamics of a large, dense, and heterogeneous population produce an increased number of urban subcultures, and the potential for constant conflict among them leads to growth of the territorial arrangement that sociologists call spatial order.
Abstract: Historians and sociologists often treat the appearance of uniformed, armed, and bureaucratically organized police as one of the effects of industrialization. Because Europe and America had few cities of great size before the Industrial Revolution, we often have failed to separate the impact of urbanization from that of industrialization.The data from China, on the other hand, suggest that city police forces are rooted in the social effects of population concentration with or without industrialization. In particular, the dynamics of a large, dense, and heterogeneous population produce an increased number of urban subcultures, and the potential for constant conflict among them leads to growth of the territorial arrangement that sociologists call spatial order.
TL;DR: In this article, a critical analysis of the experience of industrialization in Malaysia, examining the role, impact and efficacy of post-independence industrialization policies is presented, focusing attention on some major intended as well as unintended implications and consequences of policies and performance.
Abstract: Despite growing concern over environmental issues and the sustainability of economic growth, industrialization is still generally associated with progress and development. This is particularly true of developing countries where industrialization is often the nation's top priority. Industrializing Malaysia presents a critical analysis of the experience of industrialization in Malaysia, examining the role, impact and efficacy of post-independence industrialization policies. The author refocuses attention on some major intended as well as unintended implications and consequences of policies and performance. A wide range of issues is covered: in addition to general historical commentaries and sectoral studies, there are analyses of direct foreign investment, technology, linkages, free trade zones, industrial estates, and rural development.
TL;DR: In this paper, a graceful bronze image of Dancing Śiva before us is presented, which was perhaps created by a Cola artist in eleventh-century Tamilnad to be installed in a temple to receive offerings of worship, and to parade around the town in a ceremonial palanquin on festival days.
Abstract: Let us imagine a graceful bronze image of Dancing Śiva before us. It was perhaps created by a Cola artist in eleventh-century Tamilnad to be installed in a temple to receive offerings of worship, and to parade around the town in a ceremonial palanquin on festival days. From there, this image might have followed any of several paths to stand before us now in a North American museum. Perhaps it was buried under a banyan tree in the fourteenth century when invading Islamic armies, feared for their iconoclasm, marched through the Kaveri delta on their way to Madurai. It could have been disinterred in the nineteenth century, during British rule, by a Tamil workman on a road crew, who showed it to the civil engineer, who brought it to the attention of the District Collector, who passed it on to the Director of Archaeology. In the twentieth century, perhaps, when an international market developed for such objects, it might have ended up in an auction room, a cosmic dance sold to the highest bidder. Or a government expert on culture might have selected it, after its long hibernation in the basement storehouse of its temple, as an image worthy to travel abroad as an ambassador of independent India in the international diplomatics of traveling exhibitions.
TL;DR: A theory of alphabetic writing has dominated Indo-European views of language as mentioned in this paper, which states that spoken sounds are symbols of affections in the soul and written marks symbols of the spoken sounds.
Abstract: It began with the Phoenicians. Most written languages now use their invention— a phonetic alphabet. The invention of alphabetic writing escorted an influential theory of language onto the intellectual stage. Aristotle expressed the basic outline of that theory, which has since dominated Indo-European views of language:Now spoken sounds are symbols of affections in the soul, and written marks symbols of the spoken sounds. And just as written marks are not the same for all men, neither are spoken sounds. But what these are in the first place signs of—affections in the soul—are the same for all; and what these affections are likenesses of— actual things-are also the same.
TL;DR: A History of Indian Buddhism as mentioned in this paper is the summation of a lifetime of research on Indian Buddhism, which is an exceptionally comprehensive discussion of the Indian Buddhism and its history in Japanese academic community.
Abstract: A History of Indian Buddhism, the summation of a lifetime of research on Indian Buddhism, is an exceptionally comprehensive discussion of Indian Buddhism. The text presents the debates on Indian Buddhism that have occured in the Japanese academic community and emphasizes issues that have often been treated only in passing in India and the West. Finally, the book includes bibliography which provides broad book of the study.
TL;DR: The first part of the book examines building materials, the life of labourers and craftsmen, and the process of building a house as discussed by the authors, including the choice of favourable measurements, the ritual of raising the ridge pole, and complete, annotated translation of the Lu Ban jing, preceded by a bibliographic essay.
Abstract: This volume deals with the world of carpenters and joiners in late Imperial China, discussing both the technical and the religious and ritual aspects of building. It uses as its point of departure a unique and hitherto unused source: the fifteenth-century carpenter's manual Lu Ban jing. The first part of the book examines building materials, the life of labourers and craftsmen, and the process of building a house. Subjects included are the choice of favourable measurements, the ritual of raising the ridge pole, and the complete, annotated translation of the Lu Ban jing, preceded by a bibliographic essay. The sections on furniture construction are especially important for the art historian. The book is finely illustrated with more than eighty original drawings and includes a facsimile of the extremely rare, richly illustrated earliest edition of the Lu Ban jing, dating from ca. 1600.