Showing papers in "The Journal of Psychology in 1998"
TL;DR: Hierarchical regression analyses indicated that when all three of the variables were considered concurrently, only organizational commitment accounted for a unique amount of variance in OCB.
Abstract: Previous research has indicated that job satisfaction, perceptions of procedural justice, and organizational commitment are all significant correlates of organizational citizenship behavior (OCB). Those variables were studied collectively to determine their relative effects on OCB. Hierarchical regression analyses indicated that when all three of the variables were considered concurrently, only organizational commitment accounted for a unique amount of variance in OCB.
377 citations
TL;DR: The construct validity of a Chinese-language version of the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) was tested on a sample of 138 Hong Kong Chinese married couples and confirmed factor analysis identified 2 factors: depressive symptom factors and interpersonal problem factors.
Abstract: The construct validity of a Chinese-language version of the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D; Radloff, 1977) was tested on a sample of 138 Hong Kong Chinese married couples. Confirmatory factor analysis identified 2 factors: (a) depressive symptom factors and (b) interpersonal problem factors. Those factors attained convergent, discriminant, and structural validity when evaluated against social desirability. The CES-D also manifested nomological validity in terms of its significant relationships with measures of life satisfaction and stressful life events.
273 citations
TL;DR: Significant differences were found between the nontraditional and traditional students for events in the following categories: academics, peer and social relations, family and network, autonomy and responsibility, and intimacy.
Abstract: Perceived stress and stressors of nontraditional (returning-adult) and traditional college students were compared. Forty-seven nontraditional students 24-54 years old and 47 traditional students, matched for demographics, completed the Adolescent Perceived Events Scale (Compas, Davis, Forsythe, & Wagner, 1987) for college students. They rated 210 life events according to the desirability, impact, and frequency of the events. Significant differences were found between the nontraditional and traditional students for events in the following categories: academics, peer and social relations, family and network, autonomy and responsibility, and intimacy. Nontraditional students enjoyed going to classes and doing homework more, whereas traditional students worried more about school performance. Peer events, including social activities, had much more impact on traditional students, whereas nontraditional students reported much more responsibility in the home. The results suggest that there are significant differences between the groups in their perceptions of stressors.
195 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the relationships between future time perspective, the capacity to plan activities, and proximate goals that intervene between one's present state and the desired ultimate, distant goal are explored.
Abstract: The ability to foresee and anticipate, to make plans for and organize future possibilities, represents one of the most outstanding traits of individuals. Theories of work motivation, however, appear to have ignored the construct of future time perspective. In this article, the relationships between future time perspective, the capacity to plan activities, and proximate goals that intervene between one's present state and the desired ultimate, distant goal are explored. Several methodological concerns pertaining to the study of future time perspective are discussed.
160 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the relationship among age, education, gender, syllogistic reasoning skill, epistemic beliefs, and moral reasoning in adults was examined and it was predicted that five epistemic dimensions would explain unique variance in moral reasoning over and above all other variables.
Abstract: The relationship among age, education, gender, syllogistic reasoning skill, epistemic beliefs, and moral reasoning in adults was examined. It was predicted that five epistemic dimensions would explain unique variance in moral reasoning over and above all other variables. This hypothesis was confirmed. Beliefs corresponding to simple knowledge, certain knowledge, omniscient authority, and quick learning each explained the significant variation in performance on the Defining Issues Test (Rest, 1979). Results showed that multiple epistemic assumptions play an important role in young adults' moral reasoning over and above other social and personal variables. Implications concerning the development of epistemic beliefs are discussed.
151 citations
TL;DR: Profiles of abusers, effects of different methods of administration, and research on amphetamine psychosis are reviewed, along with research on psychophysiological mechanisms, addictive potential, and psychotherapeutic strategies.
Abstract: Abuse of amphetamines-methamphetamines has increased worldwide. Profiles of abusers, effects of different methods of administration, and research on amphetamine psychosis are reviewed, along with research on psychophysiological mechanisms, addictive potential, and psychotherapeutic strategies.
141 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the effects of perceived effectiveness of university support services and general satisfaction with the educational experience on conflicting demands of work, family, and school were investigated in a study of 375 undergraduate and graduate students at an urban university.
Abstract: The effects of perceived effectiveness of university support services and general satisfaction with the educational experience on conflicting demands of work, family, and school were investigated in a study of 375 undergraduate and graduate students at an urban university. Results demonstrated a negative relationship between perceived effectiveness of support services and the degree of work-school role conflict experienced by participants. Furthermore, satisfaction with educational experience was negatively related to work-school conflict. No other significant effects were found.
140 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the relationship between job satisfaction and personal characteristics of 249 Turkish workers in different occupations and job positions was investigated, and the results indicated that monthly payment was the best predictor of overall satisfaction.
Abstract: The relationship between job satisfaction and the personal characteristics of 249 Turkish workers in different occupations and job positions was investigated. The results indicated that monthly payment was the best predictor of overall satisfaction. Age, sex, education, number of children, and different measures of tenure were significant predictors of different aspects of job satisfaction as measured with 2 different scales. Marital status was not related to any of the measures of job satisfaction.
120 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors identified the various strategies used by individuals who have successfully coped with loneliness and identified the saliency of these factors according to gender, marital status, and the duration of loneliness.
Abstract: In the present study the various strategies used by individuals who have successfully coped with loneliness are identified. A questionnaire containing 86 yes-no items outlining various coping strategies was completed by 633 individuals selected from a local college and university and from the general population. A subsequent factor analysis of the data yielded six factors: Reflection and Acceptance, Self-Development and Understanding, Social Support Network, Distancing and Denial, Religion and Faith, and Increased Activity. Phase 2 of the study included an examination of whether the salience of these factors differed according to gender, marital status, and the duration of loneliness, and whether the passing of time altered the participants' understanding of the causes of loneliness.
120 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors proposed a model based on the notion that balancing the basic orientations for self-developmental differentiation (individuation) and interrelational integration (interrelatedness) promotes optimal development.
Abstract: To discern some key features of individualistic and collectivistic human model conceptualizations within a parsimonious framework, the author proposed a model based on the notion that balancing the basic orientations for self-developmental differentiation (individuation) and interrelational integration (interrelatedness) promotes optimal development. The Balanced Differentiation and Integration Scale (BDIS) and the Balanced Orientation Scale (BOS), which was developed as a validity check for the BDIS, were used to empirically justify the proposed model. The BDIS and BOS were administered to 117 Turkish university students. For the BDIS, the results of 1st-order factor analysis yielded 6 factors that were then reduced to two 2nd-order factors: (a) Self-Developmental Orientation, with differentiative and integrative poles of individuation and normative patterning, respectively; and (b) Interrelational Orientation, with differentiative and integrative poles of separatedness and interrelatedness, res...
109 citations
TL;DR: Scores on the Boredom Proneness subscale, Internal Stimulation, were significantly lower for individuals high in absorption (a measure of attention).
Abstract: The contributions of private self-consciousness and absorption in explaining boredom proneness were investigated. University students enrolled at a public university in the southeastern United States completed a packet containing the Boredom Proneness Scale (BPS; R. Farmer & N. D. Sundberg, 1986), the Self-Consciousness Scale (SCS; A. Fenigstein, M. F. Scheier, & A. H. Buss, 1975), the Tellegen Absorption Scale (TAS; A. Tellegen & G. Atkinson, 1974), the Need for Cognition Scale (NCS; J. T. Cacioppo, R. E. Petty, & C. F. Kao, 1984), and a demographic questionnaire. Scores on the Boredom Proneness subscale, Internal Stimulation, which indicates the difficulty in keeping oneself interested and entertained, were significantly lower for individuals high in absorption (a measure of attention). Individuals high in positive self-awareness, representing awareness of one's internal states, reported lower overall boredom. Individuals high in negative self-awareness, which focuses on evaluation and judgment...
TL;DR: Overall, the findings supported humor as a moderator of stress; gender differences also existed for some outcomes.
Abstract: This study is an examination of the interaction of humor and gender in moderating relationships among perceived stress, anxiety, and physical symptoms. Introductory psychology students (70 women, 61 men) completed self-report scales measuring perceived stress, humor, and symptomology. Multiple regression analyses revealed a moderating effect for humor between stress and anxiety, but only for men. When humor was low, a positive relationship was obtained between stress and anxiety; no relationship existed when humor was high. No gender differences were found in the significant moderating effect of humor between stress and physical symptoms. When humor was low, stress was related to physical symptoms; no relationship was found when humor was high. Overall, the findings supported humor as a moderator of stress; gender differences also existed for some outcomes.
TL;DR: A taxonomy of four styles of self-presentation--assertive, offensive, protective, and defensive--according to the relevant self- presentational intentions and the level of activity involved is proposed.
Abstract: Classifications of self-presentational behavior are reviewed for differences and similarities. Earlier classifications and recent empirical research are used as a basis for a taxonomy of four styles of self-presentation--assertive, offensive, protective, and defensive--according to the relevant self-presentational intentions and the level of activity involved. Each style is illustrated with typical behavioral examples, together with individual differences and possible consequences.
TL;DR: The present findings provide some support for the popular Chinese saying, "strict father, kind mother," but they also suggest that it requires redefinition.
Abstract: Chinese secondary school students (N % 429) were asked to respond to instruments measuring their perception of parents' global parenting styles and specific parenting practices. Results showed that there were significant differences between reported paternal parenting and maternal parenting characteristics, with fathers perceived as relatively less responsive, less demanding, less concerned, and more harsh. Adolescent girls' perceptions of fathers' parenting characteristics generally did not differ from those of the boys, but the girls tended to perceive their mothers as more demanding but less harsh. The present findings provide some support for the popular Chinese saying, “strict father, kind mother,” but they also suggest that it requires redefinition.
TL;DR: In this article, a general procedure for assessing structural invariance of multi-item concepts across many different situations is described, specifically, invariance across cultural groups, time, and different media of assessment.
Abstract: A general procedure for assessing the structural invariance of multi-item concepts across many different situations is described. Specifically, invariance across cultural groups, time, and different media of assessment is addressed. An eight-step procedure that integrates many domain-specific approaches is proposed. Then three applications are presented to demonstrate how the procedure should be used in various substantive domains. Strengths and weaknesses of the procedure are discussed.
TL;DR: This study identified 3 temporal dimensions--temporal extension, temporal attitude, and temporal structure--and reviewed the associations among them, providing some limited support for the actualizer and atomist profiles.
Abstract: Time perspective is an important but subtle cognitive construct underlying personality, decision making, and goal setting. This study identified 3 temporal dimensions—temporal extension, temporal attitude, and temporal structure—and reviewed the associations among them. T. J. Cottle's (1969, 1977) work on temporal profiles was briefly reviewed; it suggested that 3 types of temporal profiles can be isolated and that 3 broad personality dimensions—human agency, mood, and temperament—form characteristic associations with each of the temporal profiles. The authors expected the profiles to reflect developmental sensitivities as a person moves from adolescence into early adulthood. Two samples (159 high school students and 236 university students) participated in the study. The results provided some limited support for the actualizer and atomist profiles; somewhat surprisingly, the role of temporal extension appeared to be insignificant. No evidence was found for a developmental transition of time pers...
TL;DR: It was concluded that whatever the mechanism might be that underlies the purported effect between time perspective and self-control, it is not related to a differential ability to perceive time moving more or less quickly.
Abstract: It has been proposed that time perspective is an important variable that can, in part, explain the differences between people in terms of the development of self-control. One corollary of this position is that time perspective is somehow related to systematic biases in the way people perceive the passage of time. Such a bias may or may not be augmented by an association between time perspective and impulsivity. Two studies were conducted using measures of temporal extension, time estimation, and impulsivity. In general, no consistent effects were found. Neither time perspective nor impulsivity was related to any characteristic pattern of errors. In the second study, time perspective (mediated by age) was associated with predicting very brief time estimation scores, but not longer time estimation periods. It was concluded that whatever the mechanism might be that underlies the purported effect between time perspective and self-control, it is not related to a differential ability to perceive time m...
TL;DR: The hypothesis that liquid samples are perceived as sweeter than solid samples is strongly supported.
Abstract: Smell, texture, temperature, and other variables can influence the evaluation of foods and beverages. The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of physical state and color on perceived sweetness. Fifty junior high school students were given 10 samples of an aqueous sucrose solution in liquid and solid (gelatin) form in random order and were asked to rate their sweetness on a 10-point scale. For each state (liquid and solid), there were 4 colors (red, blue, yellow, and green) plus a colorless control. It was hypothesized that the liquid samples would be perceived as sweeter than the solid samples. The mean rating of the 5 liquid samples (7.61) was more that twice as high as the mean rating of the 5 solid samples (3.11). To determine whether this main effect for physical state held for each color, the mean difference in perceived sweetness between the liquid and solid samples by color was computed. A series of t tests revealed that the mean differences were significant at the .001 ...
TL;DR: In this article, three experiments were conducted to compare the results of choices of experts with those of random picks, and the overall results showed that the experts picked more winning horses than random selection did; no differences were observed on the monetary outcomes between experts and random selections.
Abstract: Gamblers on horse races believe that they can develop skills to select winners by studying the program, checking the condition of the track, evaluating the performances of the jockey, and so forth. Three experiments were conducted to compare the results of choices of experts with those of random picks. It was hypothesized that experts have more wins and better monetary outcomes than a bettor using a random selection of horses does. The overall results showed that the experts picked more winning horses than random selection did; no differences were observed on the monetary outcomes between experts and random selections.
TL;DR: It appears that the women's level of education affected premenstrual symptoms more than their rural or urban backgrounds did, and urban women reported more severe psychological symptoms than rural women.
Abstract: Most women present some premenstrual symptoms, which may be influenced by diverse sociocultural factors. The authors studied the premenstrual symptoms of 89 healthy Mexican women living in rural areas and whose education ranged from no schooling to middle school attendance, and 182 women living in urban areas whose education ranged from elementary school to professional studies. The Menstrual Distress Questionnaire (R. H. Moos, 1968) was completed by all the women during the premenstrual and postmenstrual phases of one menstrual cycle. The percentage of women who reported mild symptoms was 87% on somatic scales and 86% on psychological scales. Premenstrual symptoms were more severe among women engaged in professional studies. Urban women reported more severe psychological symptoms than rural women. When women who were engaged in professional studies were excluded from the data analyses, no differences between the groups were found. Thus, it appears that the women's level of education affected pre...
TL;DR: It was concluded that social desirability should not be controlled in measures of Extraversion and Neuroticism but it should be controlledIn measures of Psychoticism.
Abstract: The Self-Deceptive Enhancement and Impression Management scales of the Paulhus (1991) Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding were correlated with the Psychoticism, Neuroticism, Extraversion, and Lie scales of the Eysenck EPQ-R (Eysenck & Eysenck, 1991) in a student sample. Extraversion correlated positively and Neuroticism correlated negatively with Self-Deceptive Enhancement, whereas Psychoticism correlated negatively and the Lie scale correlated positively with Impression Management. These findings suggest that the EPQ-R scales are involved in different aspects of socially desirable responding. It was concluded that social desirability should not be controlled in measures of Extraversion and Neuroticism but it should be controlled in measures of Psychoticism.
TL;DR: The authors found that self-accepting conduct ratings from pooled peers and self were consistently correlated more positively (p <.01) with the NEO-PI Assertiveness, Openness, Feelings, Extraversion, and Values; ratings of other-acceptance had parallel positive associations with Agreeableness, Warmth, and Positive Emotions, and negative associations with Hostility.
Abstract: Associations between self-representations and behavior were hypothesized as varying in accordance with the interpersonal meta-concepts of agency and communion (Wiggins, 1991). The NEO-Personality Inventory (Costa & McCrae, 1985) was completed by 250 undergraduates, to address the Big Five factors (Openness, Extraversion, Agree-ableness, Conscientiousness, and Neuroticism) and 18 subscales. Several weeks later, after both 23 and 46 interaction hours in small groups, the same participants rated self and others for self-accepting and other-accepting conduct. Self-accepting conduct ratings from pooled peers and self were consistently correlated more positively (p < .01) with NEO-PI Assertiveness, Openness, Feelings, Extraversion, and Values; ratings of other-acceptance had parallel positive associations with Agreeableness, Warmth, and Positive Emotions, and negative associations with Hostility. All ratings were related only weakly to Conscientiousness and Neuroticism. The findings support Wiggins's v...
TL;DR: Attitudes and subjective norms failed to predict intentions to exercise in accordance with the physician's orders, but each of the perceived behavioral control measures did moderately well as an independent predictor and quite well when combined in a multiple regression approach.
Abstract: One important factor in reducing back pain is the performance of exercises prescribed by physicians during treatment. The present investigation was conducted to examine the correlates of an individual's intention to adhere to such prescriptions. On the bases of M. Fishbein's (1980) theory of reasoned action and I. Ajzen's (1988) theory of planned behavior, attitudes, subjective norms, and 2 types of perceived behavioral control were measured in a sample of American patients. Attitudes and subjective norms failed to predict intentions to exercise in accordance with the physician's orders, but each of the perceived behavioral control measures did moderately well as an independent predictor and quite well when combined in a multiple regression approach.
TL;DR: In this paper, Berlyne's theory of aesthetic response was tested through the presentation of 6 color reproductions of paintings to 92 participants and the gauging of their responses when participants' pleasure was compared with interest, that hypothesis was upheld.
Abstract: D. E. Berlyne (1960, 1974) posited an increasing linear function for complexity with an inverted U-shaped function for pleasure. Berlyne's theory of aesthetic response was tested through the presentation of 6 color reproductions of paintings to 92 participants and the gauging of their responses. When participants' pleasure was compared with interest, that hypothesis was upheld. However, when complexity was compared with pleasure, Berlyne's theory was not supported.
TL;DR: Results suggest that cultural standards of attractiveness are influenced by an evolved psychology of mate selection that has implications for understanding changes in the standard of attractiveness and its relation to eating disorders.
Abstract: Silverstein, Peterson, and Perdue (1986) studied changes in curvaceousness of the models in Vogue magazine over time and found that curvaceousness was inversely correlated with American women's participation in higher education and the professions. In the present study, it was predicted that the male standard for women's bodily attractiveness would differ from the female standard and would change differently over time, based on evolutionary theory. Published data on the bodily curvaceousness of models in Playboy and Vogue and on Miss America winners were used to test this hypothesis. Although they did not differ on average, the male and female standards changed differently over time. There was less variation in the male standard, represented by Playboy and by Miss America winners, than in the female standard, represented by Vogue. Results suggest that cultural standards of attractiveness are influenced by an evolved psychology of mate selection that has implications for understanding changes in t...
TL;DR: In this article, the relative importance of cognitive ability and job experience in the prediction of work performance was assessed in a sample of 176 manufacturing workers and it was concluded that both ability and experience were important predictors of the work performance.
Abstract: The relative importance of cognitive ability and job experience in the prediction of work performance was assessed in a sample of 176 manufacturing workers. The issue of whether the validity of cognitive ability changes as job experience increases was also explored. Job incumbents completed the Bennett Mechanical Comprehension Test (The Psychological Corporation, 1980) and the Numerical Ability subscale of the Employee Aptitude Survey (F. Ruch & W. W. Ruch, 1983). Work performance was rated by supervisors on 3 dimensions. Results indicated that both ability and experience were important predictors of work performance. Furthermore, the validity of the Employee Aptitude Survey increased as job experience increased. This finding is consistent with the divergence hypothesis outlined by F. L. Schmidt, J. E. Hunter, A. N. Outerbridge, and S. Goff (1988). Validities for the Bennett test did not increase with levels of experience, supporting a noninteractive hypothesis. It is concluded that certain abili...
TL;DR: The authors used regression analysis to determine whether particular domains of perceived competence, alienation from school, and cultural mistrust of society in general predicted judgments of global self-worth and global self discrepancy in a group of African American high school dropouts in a compensatory program.
Abstract: In the present study, regression analyses were used to determine whether particular domains of perceived competence, alienation from school, and cultural mistrust of society in general predicted judgments of global self-worth and global self-discrepancy in a group of African American high school dropouts in a compensatory program. The participants were 31 African American high school dropouts between 16 and 24 years of age (M = 17.7 years, SD = 1.81) who were enrolled in a state-sponsored high school completion program. Perceived job competence and peer-related social competence were the most significant predictors of self-evaluations. Cultural mistrust of society was associated with students' self-evaluation and overshadowed alienation from school in the prediction of global self-worth. The implications of these results for interventions with African American high school dropouts in this type of program are discussed.
TL;DR: In this article, a new perspective on the skin color bias problem is presented. But it is based on an old social problem, namely skin color discrimination, and not on race.
Abstract: (1998). Skin Color Bias: A New Perspective on an Old Social Problem. The Journal of Psychology: Vol. 132, No. 2, pp. 238-240.
TL;DR: In this article, the relationship between religious ego identity and religious faith maturity was investigated among college students (M age % 19.8 years) using J. E. Marcia's (1966) religious ego status classification system, which is based on the presence or absence in an individual of an exploration of religious values or beliefs and commitment to them.
Abstract: The relationship between religious ego identity and religious faith maturity was investigated among college students (M age % 19.8 years) using J. E. Marcia's (1966) religious ego status classification system, which is based on the presence or absence in an individual of an exploration of religious values or beliefs and commitment to them; the system also contains a measure of religious faith maturity. Results showed that individuals with a diffusion status (no exploration, no commitment) were less mature in religious faith than those with a foreclosure status (no exploration, commitment), a moratorium status (exploration, no commitment), or those classified as achieved (exploration, commitment). Compared with individuals classified as foreclosed, achieved individuals integrated more effectively the religious faith maturity dimension of service to humanity and community as well as service of self to a transcendent reality.
TL;DR: The nondisabled participants were found to have statistically significantly higher means than their disabled counterparts in total self- concept, material self-concepts, and physical self- Concepts.
Abstract: Tam and Watkins (1995b) explored the basis of self-concepts of physically disabled and nondisabled Hong Kong Chinese adults and developed the hierarchical multidimensional self-concept models. Two questionnaires that measure self-concept were developed and validated for those groups. The questionnaires share 41 common items in 6 self-concept areas. In the present study, the 2 groups' responses were compared via univariate analysis of variance. The nondisabled participants (n = 200) were found to have statistically significantly higher means than their disabled counterparts (n = 214) in total self-concept, material self-concepts, and physical self-concepts. There were no significant differences in their family, social, and work self-concepts. The nondisabled participants reported greater openness (indicated by higher self-criticism scores).