Showing papers in "Transport in 2007"

Research on Dry Port Concept as Intermodal Node

Abstract: The shortage of the free space in the port areas is the reason to search for alternatives. This paper focuses on the dry port concept which is a new approach to solving the mentioned problem. The dry port concept is based on moving of intermodal terminals further to hinterland from the port areas. It helps to avoid traffic bottlenecks, to connect cargo handling from the port with other types of cargo at one common transport centre and it can help develop the hinterland areas. The BSR Interreg III B NP project Inloc (Integrating logistics centre networks in the Baltic Sea Region) showed an initiative to elaborate the concept and to study the feasibility to attract transport operators. The research was done partly by the authors of the article – partners of the Inloc project. Common results of the dry port research and conclusions of the approach elaborated by the article authors are presented.

Principle and benefits of third party logistics approach when managing logistics supply chain

Abstract: The principle of third party logistics has grown into a very important and a well‐functioning logistics concept, mainly due to outsourcing trends in transport business. Providers of 3PL services complemented the effectiveness of logistics supply chain management extending the performance of hauliers and forwarders to what might be called outsourced logistics services providers. The main driver for this was large transportation companies that have striven to render their limited services to the whole transport chain. Firstly, this extended to what now is called forwarding services, i.e. responsibility and transport service was extended from only physical transportation to additional services. Then some transport and forwarding companies continued enlarging their responsibility so that it included an increased part of the transport chain up to a total responsibility for the entire transportation, from production to consumption. A nature of transportation services became more and more the nature of ...

The role of inland waterway navigation in a sustainable transport system

Abstract: Sustainable development has become a guiding principle of human activities nowadays. Sustainable transport can take a great part in future development. Today this is not the case, and road transport contributes to this above all. For sustainable transport development the necessity of modal shift is inevitable and the inland waterway navigation should get the higher share of the total transport where there is an alternative. This presentation shows the reasons why the inland waterway navigation can increase the level of sustainability.

Research into intelligent transport systems (its) technologies and efficiency

Abstract: Intelligent Transport Systems work with information and control technologies which provide the core of ITS functions. Some of these technologies, like loop detectors, are well known to transportation professionals. However, there are a number of less familiar technologies and system concepts that are the key to ITS functions. The technical core of ITS is information and control technologies, but human factors are also vitally important, and potentially very complex. This paper introduces the main ITS enabling technologies and explains why transport professionals should involve human factor experts at an early stage of design of ITS equipment and facilities.

Improvement of Road Safety Using Passive and Active Intelligent Vehicle Safety Systems

Abstract: Following the measures foreseen in the Transport White Paper 2001, situation of road safety has improved Road fatalities have declined by more than 17 % since 2001 in the EU However, with around 41 600 deaths and more than 17 million injured in 2005, road remains the least safe mode of transport and objectives to halve the number of fatalities on road by 2010 is most likely not feasible to achieve Therefore a need for the intelligent vehicle safety systems, that enable to raise the level of road safety, is much higher than ever before The Intelligent Vehicle Safety Systems ensure a superior safety on road would it be vehicle-based or infrastructure-related systems These can be divided into passive and active safety applications where the former help people stay alive and uninjured in a crash, while the latter help drivers to avoid accidents Some of the most promising (e-call) and the most used (ABS, ESP) systems are analised more specifi cally in the paper Possible solutions to deploying intelligent transport systems in Lithuania are also introduced Language: en

Analysis of Emergency Braking of a Vehicle

Abstract: In this paper, braking of cars is analyzed: the analytic formulas for description of the said process and the diagrams for its illustration are provided, its mode of operation when the wheels of the car are not blocked is discussed upon, the most important factors that impact it are described herein. The key indicators of braking (such as the settled deceleration, the braking distance, etc.) are discussed upon and their values corrected in experimental way are provided. Their graphical responses and numerical values recommended for calculations bound up with technical experts’ examination of traffic accidents as well as more specifically defined methodologies for them are provided.

Automobile transport system analysis and ranking in Lithuanian administrative regions

Abstract: Identifying accessibility is a standard issue of transport analysis, which can be of interest to many socioeconomic applications. In this paper we propose and discuss the accessibility‐based Lithuanian automobile transport system analysis and GIS (geographical information systems) calculation method for searching a potential territory under different conditions. In our analysis the main parameter is time‐based accessibility from the centres of Lithuanian administrative regions to all the territory. According to accessibility and regional statistics, i.e. road network density in regions, density of local roads in regions, length of roads per 1000 inhabitants in administrative regions, length of local roads per 1000 rural inhabitants in administrative regions, GIS application computes the ratings for administrative regions. The first stage of GIS decision support system is based on two calculation methods: Topsis (Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution) and SAW (Simple Addit...

The linkage between climate change and energy consumption of hungary in the road transportation sector

Abstract: The aim of this article is to prove the connection between CO2 emission and climate change, and to estimate the CO2 emission of the transport sector in Hungary. We have to clarify the emission of the transport sector in order to get information on externalities, which is a further step toward a sustainable society. The sustainable development is a development, where the pace of technical development, the satiation of increasing supply and the raw materials and resources of Earth are poised so that the rate of living and opportunities of the next generations need not be worse. One of the most emphasized goals of the transport policy of the European Union is sustainable mobility. For this reason transportation systems must be developed and standardized, the effectiveness of transportation services must be increased, while the environmental pollution must be decreased or prevented. Decoupling motorization from environmental pollution is the task for engineers. Decoupling the increase of economical a...

The Evolution of Intermodal Transport Research and Its Development Issues

Abstract: Scientific papers related to intermodal transport research are reviewed in the article. Attention is focused on classification of scientific issues of intermodality. The methods, algorithms, models used for intermodal transport research are described. The areas of huge scientific focus and poor areas in intermodality research are highlighted.

Automobile Braking and Traction Characteristics on the Different Road Surfaces

Abstract: The present article depicts the results of the investigation into automobile braking parameters and traction characteristics on the different road surfaces. The results of the investigation into automobile braking (the automobile deceleration and coefficient of traction), while braking in winter conditions, i.e. on ice and snow, are presented. The values of deceleration of the automobile while braking on various non‐typical surfaces, on the asphalt, covered with the motor oil or resin, while driving across the petrol spot, and on other surfaces of the road, are presented. Such data are necessary while modelling the automobile's movement in various road conditions and while carrying out the examination of traffic accidents.

Electrodynamic braking in high‐speed rail transport

Abstract: The paper considers electrodynamic braking of trains, which is of particular importance for high‐speed railway transport from theoretical and technical perspectives. Braking methods used for high‐speed trains should ensure compatibility and redundancy of braking systems. They include a mechanical method (based on adding frictional disks to wheelsets), as well as magnetic braking, which is being currently implemented and based on eddy currents, etc. High‐speed trains have AC/DC engines, for which the principles of electric braking can be applied. Electrodynamic braking is of particular importance for high‐speed transport using linear motors and developing the speed of 400–500 km/h. These traction rolling stocks will not have commonly used trucks. The tests in this area are being conducted in Japan and Germany now. The paper suggests some theoretical and practical solutions to these problems. Schematic diagrams of the locomotive braking and ways of controlling the braking force by varying electric ...

Reducing Fuel Consumption and CO2 Emission in Motor Cars

Abstract: The paper considers the problem associated with the dependence of fuel consumption and CO2 emission by automobiles on their characteristics such as mass, class, engine displacement, transmission and type of fuel used. Automobiles of various classes offered in Lithuanian market were investigated from the above perspective. The main factors determining different average fuel consumption and CO2 emission by these motor cars were identified. Some measures of reducing automobile fuel consumption and CO2 emission are offered.

Locating Stations of Public Transportation Vehicles for Improving Transit Accessibility

Abstract: Since transportation is one of the most complicated and the basic problem of urban life in developing countries at the present time and in various dimensions, so it is necessary to view it more scientifically‐ practically. Reducing travelling time is one way to reduce its cost .In public transportation system, it is important to determine proper travelling costs. There are various methods to determine the distances between stations. One of these methods used in England is based on logical and calculative relations in mathematics. In this paper, in addition to studying this method some changes have been made in order to reduce and modify required variables for calculation of those relations. A numerical example is designed to demonstrate the effectiveness of the method and thus developed to optimize the public transportation stop location problem. The sensitivity of the total travel time, access, speed and the effect of the parameters on the optimum stop location are analyzed and discussed.

The influence of turpentine additive on the ecological parameters of diesel engines

Abstract: After Lithuania's accession to the EU it is very important to use a larger amount of renewable fuel. Based on economic and environmental considerations in Lithuania, we are interested in studying the effects of turpentine contents in the blended turpentine‐diesel fuel on the engine performance and pollutant emission of compression ignition (CI) engine. Therefore, we used engine test facilities to investigate the effects on the engine performance and pollutant emission of 5 % turpentine in the fuel blend. The tests were carried out in the laboratory on an engine dynamometer of the car Audi 1Z and tractor D21 diesel engines. The experimental results showed that turpentine used in the fuel blend for these diesel engines had a positive influence on the engine performance and exhaust emission.

Research on Public Logistics Centre as Tool for Cooperation

Abstract: This paper focuses on logistics centre concept and benefits for users. Intermodal benefit, forwarders impact, IT solutions, new transport flows due to synergy, better supply chain management, additional services, cost sharing, economies of scale, quality of the services, know‐how, joint marketing impact, and benefit for growth of third‐party logistics services are presented. The main bottlenecks such as duration of planning logistics centres process, pressure to land use for other purposes and problems caused by legislation are described. Results of pilot study of benefits from business cooperation are presented and concluded as well.

Research into three‐component biodiesel fuels combustion process using a single droplet technique

Abstract: In order to reduce the engine emission while at same time improving engine efficiency, it is very important to clarify the combustion mechanism. Even if, there are many researches into investigating the mechanism of engine combustion, so that to clarify the relationship between complicated phenomena, it is very difficult to investigate due to the complicated process of both physical and chemical reaction from the start of fuel injection to the end of combustion event. The numerical simulations are based on a detailed vaporization model and detailed chemical kinetics. The influence of different physical parameters like droplet temperature, gas phase temperature, ambient gas pressure and droplet burning velocity on the ignition delay process is investigated using fuel droplet combustion stand. Experimental results about their influence on ignition delay time were presented.

Presumptions of effective operation of diesel engines running on rme biodiesel. Research on kinetics of combustion of rme biodiesel

Abstract: The results of experimental research on kinetics of fuel combustion of diesel engine A41are presented in the publication The change of characteristics of indicated work (in‐cylinder pressure and temperature, period of induction, heat release and heat release rate) and fuel injection (fuel injection pressure, fuel injection phases) was determined in diesel engine running on RME biodiesel being compared to diesel fuel The results of researches were used to explain experimentally determined changes of operational and ecological characteristics of diesel engine running on RME biodiesel In addition, the reliability of diesel engine A41 running on RME biodiesel was evaluated The presumptions of effective operation of diesel engines running on RME biodiesel were formulated

Development of passenger transportation by railroad from Lithuania to European States

Abstract: In this paper, the author gives a detailed analysis in support of an efficient passenger railroad transportation service between Lithuania and the European Union. The author first looks at passenger flows on the Vilnius-Warsaw route. The competition that railroad transportation faces on this specific route is examined, with highway and air transportation being identified as the primary competitors. The author then studies the technical and economical aspects of launching train service on the Vilnius-Warsaw route. The need for a marketing strategy analysis, and what it would accomplish, is next discussed. The author then looks at where and how the Vilnius-Warsaw route would be connected with the Rail Baltica project. A SWOT analysis follows in which the author examines the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats (SWOT) of a Vilnius-Warsaw train route. The author concludes by suggesting that St. Petersburg be included into the Rail Baltica route as a mechanism for increasing both passenger and cargo flows

Evaluation of Veracity of Car Braking Parameters Used for the Analysis of Road Accidents

Abstract: During the road accident analysis speed of the examined vehicle often is being established in accordance with the length of the trace remained by the vehicle tires Usually in such case there are values of braking deceleration used for calculations, which are selected from the corresponding references The real experiment, establishing the braking parameters of the given vehicle, is performed more seldom In both cases it is important to calculate the vehicle speed in accordance with the received or found values of deceleration as well to estimate the possible limits of the vehicle speed, ie to evaluate the veracity of such calculations This paper presents the results of evaluation of car braking parameters, which are treated as random values in the known probabilistic characteristics

Economical evaluation of logistics centres establishment

Abstract: This paper presents a method for assessing the financial viability of a new Freight village financed by pri- vate and public investments The financial evaluation model constitutes four distinct phases, namely (a) site selection and traffic forecasts, (b) definition of services offered and corresponding dimensions, (c) estimation of investment and operation costs and (d) evaluation of investments Furthermore, the model produces financing scenarios, based on combinations of public and private funds

Determination of Traffic Flow Parameters in Different Traffic Flow Interaction Cases

Abstract: Modelling of straight road section consisting of one traffic line gives the opportunity to simulate “follow the car” system. In general it looks like a line of vehicles, going one after another. Kinetic theory, used in this paper describes traffic flow system as a straight unbroken line with limited flow speed and concentration. Such model also gives the opportunity to derive traffic lines intersections. For example, intersection could be derived like a point with traffic lines coming and outgoing from this point by only changing boundary conditions. Mathematical model is built using characteristic method.

Linear optimization model of urban areas’ operating efficiency

Abstract: The efficiency of urban transportation is getting more and more important because of the increasing rate of mobility demand. To plan, control and organize urban transportation in the most efficient way, we also need to consider the aspects of land use. To handle both of the mentioned urban planning areas together, we shall develop models, which are able to pay attention to all of their restrictive factors in the most simple way. It is a possible solution to simulate the urban area through a linear programming model.

Comparison of High-Speed Transportation Systems in Special Consideration of Investment Costs

Abstract: In this paper a substantial comparison of different high‐speed transportation systems and an approach to stochastic cost estimations are provided. Starting from the developments in Europe, the high‐speed traffic technical characteristics of high‐speed railways and Maglev systems are compared. But for a comprehensive comparison more criterions must be included and led to a wider consideration and the development of a multi‐criteria comparison of high‐speed transportation systems. In the second part a stochastic approach to cost estimations of infrastructure projects is encouraged. Its advantages in comparison with the traditional proceeding are presented and exemplify the practical implementation.

Investigation of potential deformations developed by elements of transport and pedestrian traffic restricting gates during motor vehicle–gate interaction

Abstract: The mathematical model of transport and pedestrian traffic restricting gate is designed. One section of the gate restricted the traffic of motor vehicles while the other limited the traffic of pedestrians. The gate was modelled based on the first‐order one‐dimensional finite elements taking into account only the resilience of the gate elements and the impact of soil on the ground‐embedded parts of the gate support and auxiliary posts. The potential deformations of gate elements were determined based on the mathematical model designed. The specific traffic event was investigated using the mathematical model of gate designed – four situations of motor vehicle–gate interaction were simulated and investigated.

Analysis of control systems for vehicle hybrid powertrains

Abstract: Ecological and socioeconomic factors determine high interest in the development of pollution‐free vehicles. At present use of electro‐vehicles is suppressed by a number of technological factors. Vehicles with alternative power‐trains are transitional stage between development of pollution‐free vehicles and vehicles with conventional internal combustion engine. According to these aspects the investigation on conventional hybrid drives and their control systems is carried out in the article. The equations that allow evaluating effectiveness of regenerative braking for different variants of hybrid drive are given. The AMESim software is used as the modeling environment, in which models of hybrid vehicles are developed and the results of virtual simulation are analyzed. Also a number of recommendations for increasing of regenerative braking effectiveness are given.

Mobile solutions in road transport

Abstract: The article dwells on the aspects of mobile solutions of public information and transport. The work presents major decision making principles based on object positioning and a system of positioning‐based GSM solutions. The newly developed remote identification systems for transport facilities and goods and passenger transport and their schematic view are presented. The main units of the remote identification system of vehicles and goods embrace: TI portal, TVIM portal, content control system (SMS, GPRS), mobile phone, the unit for stating the geographical position of vehicles and goods. Portals are designed so that the data provided by various systems of observation, such as GSM, GPS, WLAN, wireless internet, etc., can be used there. Portals (TI and TVIM) can also be used for testing, complex evaluation of monitoring functions as well as for providing the data on geographical location of objects, transmitting data to mobile telephones, etc. Purposes and functions of the portals are presented. The...

Logistics Centres Development in Latvia

Abstract: In the situation where a large increase in trade and freight transport volumes in the Baltic Sea region (BSR) is expected and in which the BSR is facing a major economic restructuring, efforts to achieve more integrated and sustainable transport and communication links within the BSR are needed. One of these efforts is the development of logistics centres (LCs) and their networking, which will continue to have an impact on improving communication links, spatial planning practices and approaches, logistics chain development and the promotion of sustainable transport modes. These factors will reflect on logistics processes both in major gateway cities and in remote BSR areas. The importance of logistics systems as a whole is not seen clearly enough. Logistics actors see that logistics operations are not appreciated as much as other fields of activity. In addition, logistics centres and the importance of logistics activities to the business life of areas and the employment rate should be brought up ...

Active twist of model rotor blades with d-spar design

Abstract: The design methodology based on the planning of experiments and response surface technique has been developed for an optimum placement of Macro Fiber Composite (MFC) actuators in the helicopter rotor blades. The baseline helicopter rotor blade consists of D‐spar made of UD GFRP, skin made of +450/‐450 GFRP, foam core, MFC actuators placement on the skin and balance weight. 3D finite element model of the rotor blade has been built by ANSYS, where the rotor blade skin and spar “moustaches” are modeled by the linear layered structural shell elements SHELL99, and the spar and foam ‐ by 3D 20‐node structural solid elements SOLID 186. The thermal analyses of 3D finite element model have been developed to investigate an active twist of the helicopter rotor blade. Strain analogy between piezoelectric strains and thermally induced strains is used to model piezoelectric effects. The optimisation results have been obtained for design solutions, connected with the application of active materials, and checked...

Coach Terminal as Important Element of Transport Infrastructure

Abstract: The determination of the coach terminal as passenger logistics hub is described. The factors responsible for successful functioning of this hub are discussed. The location of the coach terminal is one of the important factors. The present coach terminal is located in the heart of the city where land availability is critical. The simulation model of the terminal was developed to complement the design and construction of a new one. The used simulation package VISSIM has visual reference to assist in explaining the complexity of transport node's job and analysis of possible congestions. During the development of the modelling the critical bottlenecks are identified and decisions are taken to reduce the risk of their occurrence, the solution being immediately incorporated into the final design of the coach terminal under development.