Showing papers in "Transportation Research Part D-transport and Environment in 1999"
TL;DR: In this article, the authors empirically analyzed the social feasibility of a wide range of transport policy measures and concluded that the social support for transport policies and packages can be increased by attending to these underlying factors, while perceived problems and effectiveness as well as personal features also influence the support for policy measures.
Abstract: This paper empirically analyses the social feasibility of a wide range of transport policy measures After a literature review, some general results of a project on the support for transport policy measures in the Netherlands are discussed Next, a statistical analysis of opinions of various relevant subgroups of citizens is carried out It appears that safety problems are considered most important from an individual point of view, while environmental problems are most severe from a social point of view Measures with small direct effects on the behaviour of respondents are generally regarded as most effective by the respondents The support for safety measures is highest, while perceived problems and effectiveness as well as personal features also influence the support for policy measures It is concluded that the social support for transport policy measures and packages can be increased by attending to these underlying factors
153 citations
TL;DR: In addition to fuels, passenger and freight transport require vehicles and infrastructure as mentioned in this paper, and these indirect requirements have to be taken into account when options for reducing the energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions of the transport sector are evaluated.
Abstract: In addition to fuels, passenger and freight transport require vehicles and infrastructure. As with fuels, the provision of goods and services that are needed for the operation of transport involves the consumption of energy and the emission of greenhouse gases. The energy consumed and greenhouse gases emitted due to fuel use by vehicles are referred to as direct requirements, while indirect requirements of energy and greenhouse gases are embodied in the goods and services mentioned before. Indirect requirements form a significant part of the total energy and greenhouse gases required for a given transport task. They depend on the transport mode, ranging from 10% to 50% for freight transport and from 25% to 65% for passenger transport. These indirect requirements have to be taken into account when options for reducing the energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions of the transport sector are to be evaluated.
142 citations
ALFA1
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present an overview of the impacts of civil aviation on the environment, and illustrate how a sustainable development of the sector is attempted to be achieved through management of the system's noise, air pollution and safety side effects.
Abstract: Civil aviation has become a major industry and is one of the fastest growing sectors of the world economy. The growth of civil aviation has advantages and disadvantages for the society. The advantages include the direct and indirect generation of new jobs within and around the sector as well as providing a strong stimulus to the globalisation of the industry, business and long distance tourism. Disadvantages include its negative impacts on the environment. This paper presents an overview of the impacts of civil aviation on the environment. In particular, it considers some of the important technological and institutional innovations, that have been implemented in the sector over time in order to simultaneously increase its efficiency and decrease the negative impacts on the environment. Thus, it illustrates how a `sustainable' development of the sector is attempted to be achieved through management of the system's noise, air pollution and safety side effects.
99 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors compared the social costs of electric vehicles with those of conventional, thermal vehicles for typical passenger use in the Ile-de-France region (Greater Paris), a case of particular interest because nearly 80% of the electricity is generated by nuclear power plants.
Abstract: This article compares the social costs of electric vehicles with those of conventional, thermal vehicles for typical passenger use in the Ile-de-France region (Greater Paris), a case of particular interest because nearly 80% of the electricity is generated by nuclear power plants. A four-seat electric car is compared to a new conventional car of the same make and model; for the latter both the gasoline and the diesel version are considered because almost half of new car sales in France are diesel. These results are also compared to typical existing diesel and gasoline vehicles in the current French fleet. The methodology developed by the ExternE (External Costs of Energy) Project of the European Commission is used to estimate the costs associated with atmospheric pollution due to power plants, refineries and tail pipe emissions. Our discussion of externalities is limited to air pollution thus excluding others such as costs associated with noise or accidents. Our results imply that the external costs are large and significant, even when one considers the uncertainties. If internalized by government regulations, these externalities can render the total cost of an electric vehicle more competitive with that of currently available thermal vehicles in large urban centers if the electricity is produced by sources with low pollution. However, the current generation electric vehicles are so expensive that internalization of pollution damage would not give it a very clear advantage.
95 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors analyzed the potential demand for electric motorcycles based on an interview survey using stated preference modeling approaches and found that female motorists are the potential target market for EMs.
Abstract: The environmental and energy concerns of using motorcycles in urban areas have fostered the rapid development development of electric motorcycles (EMs) in Taiwan in recent years. EMs' zero-emission, low noise level and high energy efficiency features provide the promising potential to alleviate the severe environmental pollution problem caused by the existing gasoline motorcycles. This study summarizes the recent development of the EM. More specifically, this study aims to analyze the potential demand for EMs based on an interview survey using stated preference modeling approaches. Study results show that female motorists are the potential target market for EMs. Developmental and energy-use issues of EMs are also discussed in this study.
88 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, environmental problems related to urban traffic are valued by Stated Choice, a Stated Preference method in which non-market goods are assessed relatively to each other and not in absolute amounts as with the more common Contingent Valuation Method.
Abstract: In this study environmental problems related to urban traffic are valued by Stated Choice. Stated Choice is a Stated Preference method in which non-market goods are assessed relatively to each other and not in absolute amounts as with the more common Contingent Valuation Method. The use of Stated Choice to estimate people’s willingness to pay to reduce environmental problems caused by road traffic can be seen as an extension of the established use of Stated Choice in transport research. Despite the fact that the results from this study have been used by the Norwegian Public Roads Administration in their cost benefit analyses since 1995, this paper points to the fact that considerable uncertainty remains with regard to (1) the area of validity of the results, (2) the impact on the valuations of interaction effects and other general methodological problems with Stated Preference methods, and (3) problems related to the complex choice situation of Stated Choice.
64 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a statistical model for predicting NO x emissions from light-duty gasoline motor vehicles is presented. But the primary end use of this model is forecasting, rather than explanation of the factors that affect NOx emissions, which brings to bear different requirements from the statistical model.
Abstract: Motor vehicle emission rate models for predicting oxides of nitrogen (NO x ) emissions are insensitive to vehicle modes of operation such as cruise, acceleration, deceleration, and idle, because they are based on average trip speed. Research has shown that NO x emissions are sensitive to engine load; hence, load-based variables need to be included in emissions models. Ongoing studies attempting to incorporate these `modal' variables have experienced difficulties with: (1) incomplete and/or non-representative data sets of emissions test data vis-a-vis the modal operating profiles of the tested vehicles; (2) lack of information for predicting on-road operating parameters of vehicles; and (3) non-representative vehicles recruited for emissions tests. The objective of this research was to develop a statistical model for predicting NO x emissions from light-duty gasoline motor vehicles. The primary end use of this model is forecasting, rather than explanation of the factors that affect NO x emissions, which brings to bear different requirements from the statistical model. The three challenges noted above are addressed by: (1) analyzing a data set of more than 13 000 hot-stabilized laboratory treadmill tests on 19 driving cycles (specific speed versus time testing conditions), and 114 variables describing vehicle, engine and test cycle characteristics; (2) making the models compatible with empirical data on how vehicles are being operated in-use; and (3) developing statistical weights to account for the differences in model year distributions between the emissions testing database and the current national on-road fleets. The NO x emissions model is estimated using ordinary least-squares regression techniques, with transformed response variable and regression weights. Tree regression is employed as a tool for mining relationships among variables in the data, with particular focus on identifying useful interactions among discrete variables. Details of the model development process are presented, as well as results for the final model showing the predicted emissions algorithm for the current motor vehicle fleet in Atlanta, GA metropolitan region.
59 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigated the noise impacts associated with the operation of the Dar es Salaam International Airport (DIA) in Tanzania and found that noise levels in the surrounding settlements of Kipawa and Kiwalani were higher than the WHO recommended limits and causing annoyance to residents.
Abstract: The operation of airports results in environmental impacts associated with high levels of noises and vibrations. These may have severe negative effects to both workers and surrounding residents and their properties. Here we look at the noise impacts associated with the operation of the Dar es Salaam International Airport (DIA) in Tanzania. Field measurements were carried out to determine noise levels at various positions at the airport during aircraft landing and take-off. The surrounding residents' perceptions on the noises were also investigated using semi-structured interviews. Workers on the apron (marshellers), house keepers, security workers, and mechanics are exposed to noise levels that could affect their health. The noise levels in the surrounding settlements of Kipawa and Kiwalani were higher than the WHO recommended limits and causing annoyance to residents. The use of appropriate ear protectors by the workers was found to reduce the noises to harmless levels. Periodical audiometric tests of the workers will help to monitor the noise impacts. Enforcement of appropriate environmental regulations on the airliners can also reduce noise pollution at the airport.
49 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the effects of substituting bus for car travel in urban areas are simulated by specifying a spreadsheet model incorporating two types of car (petrol and diesel engine) and three types of bus (mini-, midi-and large bus).
Abstract: Car exhaust emissions cause serious air pollution problems in many regions and, at a global level, contribute to climate change. Car use is also an important factor in other problems including traffic congestion, road accidents, noise pollution, community severance, and loss of countryside from road building. Forecasts of further increases in car ownership and use have prompted calls for policy-makers to encourage car users to switch to other forms of transport, particularly the bus. The effects of substituting bus for car travel in urban areas are simulated by specifying a spreadsheet model incorporating two types of car (petrol and diesel engine) and three types of bus (mini-, midi- and large bus). Six types of exhaust emission are considered for each vehicle type for the years 1992, 1995 and 1999: carbon monoxide, volatile organic compounds, nitrogen oxides, sulphur dioxide, (small) particulate matter and carbon dioxide. The paper provides a synthesis of monetary estimates of these exhaust emission and other costs. The other costs considered are traffic congestion, fuel consumption, noise pollution, road accidents and road damage. The exhaust emission monetary cost estimates, mainly from the United States and the United Kingdom, are discussed within the context of a sensitivity analysis which allows for changes in parameters such as load factors, emission factors and the individual exhaust emission cost estimates. The simulation results show that substitution of bus for car travel generally decreases the overall costs, particularly the costs of congestion, but increases exhaust emission costs if bus load factors are insufficiently high. In order to reduce exhaust emission costs from car to bus transfer at given load factors, the most effective policy option is to encourage the reduction of particulate emissions from bus engines. In terms of the overall costs, increasing bus load factors by relatively modest amounts can lead to substantial reductions in these overall costs. These results should be regarded as illustrative rather than definitive, given the uncertainties in a number of parameter estimates and the need for further research in areas not covered by the paper.
48 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the costs involved in the use of petrol, diesel, natural gas, biogas, and methanol (produced from natural gas and biomass) in cars and heavy trucks are compared.
Abstract: In this study, the costs involved in the use of petrol, diesel, natural gas, biogas, and methanol (produced from natural gas and biomass) in cars and heavy trucks are compared. The cost includes fuel cost, extra capital cost for vehicles using alternative fuels, and the environmental cost of VOC, NOx, particulate and CO2 emission based on actual 1996 and estimated 2015 emission factors. The costs have been calculated separately for rural, urban and city-centre traffic. A complete macroeconomic assessment of the effect of introducing alternative fuels is not, however, included in the study. The study shows that no alternative fuel can compete with petrol and diesel in rural traffic when the economic valuation of CO2 emission is taken as current Swedish CO2 taxes ($200/tonne C). In cities with a natural gas network, natural gas is the fuel with the lowest cost for both cars and heavy trucks, based on 1996 emission factors. Methanol from natural gas and biogas from waste products can also compete with diesel in urban traffic. With predicted improvements in technology and subsequent emission reductions, no alternative fuel can compete with petrol in any of the traffic situations studied by 2015, and only in city-centre traffic will alternative fuels be less costly than diesel in heavy vehicles. Of the biomass-based fuels studied, low-cost biogas from waste products is the most competitive one and is, already at current CO2 taxes, the fuel with lowest cost for heavy trucks in urban traffic in areas where natural gas networks do not exist. To enable the more widespread use of biomass-based fuels, i.e. using feedstocks such as energy crops or logging residues that are available in larger amounts, the economic valuation of CO2 emission has to be 2–2.5 times higher than current Swedish CO2 tax level.
46 citations
TL;DR: In this article, an explicit distinction between traffic and transport demand was made by regarding traffic as an input in the shippers' production of transport services, while transport demand is derived from firms' output.
Abstract: Most macro empirical studies on the price elasticity in the freight transport sector focus on the demand for transport. However, most of the external costs from the freight transport sector are more closely linked with the traffic volumes. In the paper an explicit distinction between traffic and transport demand is made by regarding traffic as an input in the shippers’ production of transport services, while transport demand is derived from firms’ production of output. An empirical analysis based on aggregate time series is carried out in a VAR model, where the stationary long run relationships are estimated using the so-called ‘Johansen Procedure’. The estimated price elasticity with respect to traffic (−0.81) is considerably higher than the elasticity with respect to transport (−0.47).
TL;DR: In this article, the potential of transportation policy options to alleviate vehicle emissions is determined in a comprehensive activity-based approach, including an evaluation of potential benefits achieved by replacing all the vehicles in the fleet by vehicles that conform to present day emissions technology.
Abstract: he 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments (CAAA) and the Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 (ISTEA) have defined a set of transportation control measures to counter the rise in vehicle emissions and energy consumption due to increased travel. The value of these TCM strategies is unknown as there are limited data available to measure the travel effects of individual TCM strategies and the models are inadequate for forecasting changes in travel behavior that result from these strategies. The work described in this paper begins to provide an operational methodology to overcome these difficulties so that the impacts of the policy mandates of both CAAA and ISTEA can be assessed. This research demonstrates the benefits in vehicle emissions reduction based on optimal scheduling and linking of the activities performed by the individuals in a household. The potential of transportation policy options to alleviate vehicle emissions is determined in a comprehensive activity-based approach. The model formulated is tested under different policy scenarios, including an evaluation of potential benefits achieved by replacing all the vehicles in the fleet by vehicles that conform to present day emissions technology.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors describe practical applications of decision support systems for environmental impact assessment of transport infrastructures and present Silvia interactive software, one of such systems, covering the four phases (preparatory/orientation, land analysis, impact estimation, and decision).
Abstract: Practical applications of decision support systems for environmental impact assessment of transport infrastructures are described. Silvia interactive software, one of such systems, covering the four phases (preparatory/orientation, land analysis, impact estimation, and decision) of an environmental impact assessment study, is presented. Two directions for further development: sensitivity analysis and group decisions are suggested.
TL;DR: In this article, the applicability of General Finite Line Source Model (GFLSM) based on the Gaussian diffusion equation was assessed by comparing predicted CO concentrations with the measured values obtained from the experiments conducted by Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB), New Delhi, India at three traffic intersections in the Delhi city.
Abstract: The applicability of General Finite Line Source Model (GFLSM), based on the Gaussian diffusion equation, was assessed by comparing predicted CO concentrations with the measured values obtained from the experiments conducted by Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB), New Delhi, India at three traffic intersections in the Delhi city. Using the CPCB data, a Delhi Finite Line Source Model (DFLSM) has been developed by modifying the GFLSM, considering the existing traffic and meteorological conditions in the Delhi city. The predicted and observed CO concentration data reveals that the DFLSM model works more accurately for the existing traffic and meteorological conditions in the Delhi city in comparison to the GFLSM.
TL;DR: In this article, a multiple user class equilibrium assignment algorithm is formulated to determine vehicle trips and the vehicle miles of travel (VMT) in various operating modes on highway links, and a heuristic solution algorithm based on the Frank-Wolfe decomposition of the equilibrium assignment problem is presented.
Abstract: A multiple user class equilibrium assignment algorithm is formulated to determine vehicle trips and the vehicle miles of travel (VMT) in various operating modes on highway links. A heuristic solution algorithm based on the Frank–Wolfe decomposition of the equilibrium assignment problem is presented. The treatment of intrazonal trips, which are very important for emission studies is also discussed. The solution algorithm is implemented in a traffic assignment program for emission studies, referred to as TAPES. The use of the algorithm is demonstrated through a TAPES model case study on a Charlotte, NC network database for 1990 AM peak period. The operating mode mix of VMT in cold transient, hot transient and hot stabilized modes, also known as the mix of cold-starts, hot-starts and stabilized mode trips, is derived on a link by link basis. The results are aggregated by facility type and the location of link segments. It is observed that the operating mode fractions in transient and stabilized modes could vary widely across different facility types geographic locations. The aggregated operating mode fractions derived from the assignment analysis indicates that a lesser proportion of VMT operates in cold and hot transient modes when compared to the operating mode mix derived from the Federal Test Procedure (FTP).
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors evaluated the contribution of the road transport sector, in a typical small developing country, to global greenhouse gas emissions, using the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change methodology, for the base year 1997.
Abstract: This paper evaluates the contribution of the road transport sector, in a typical small developing country, to global greenhouse gas emissions. An inventory of transport emissions, using the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change methodology, is presented for the base year 1997. The Motor Vehicle Emission Inventory computer based model, with inputs adjusted to the fleet and conditions at hand, is used to predict contributions of different classes of vehicles and to forecast the corresponding emissions for the year 2020. Emissions reduction and the sensitivity to changes in factors such as fleet age, fleet technology, average speed and travel volume are assessed. Scenarios are developed to explore the feasibility and benefits of two different mitigation approaches. The first approach stresses the reduction potential of measures related to the fleet age and new technology application. The second addresses the effectiveness of transport planning and demand reduction in mitigating emissions. The air quality impact of these scenarios is presented. The results bring to light the essence of the problem that technical improvements alone, in the existing fleet, will not be able to offset impacts due to the growth in future travel demand. Policy settings to counterbalance the increase in emissions are investigated in that context.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors used extreme value theory (EVT) for making predictions of the expected number of violations of the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) as prescribed by the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB), India, for hourly and eight-hourly average carbon monoxide(CO) concentration for an Air Quality Control Region (AQCR) comprising of an urban road intersection.
Abstract: Extreme value theory (EVT) has been used for making predictions of the expected number of violations of the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) as prescribed by the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB), India, for hourly- and eight-hourly average carbon monoxide(CO) concentration for an Air Quality Control Region (AQCR) comprising of an urban road intersection. Almost 100% contribution to the CO pollution in the region is due to vehicular traffic. The parameters of the extreme value distribution (EVD) have been estimated by four methods viz. method of moments, maximum likelihood, least square fit and Gumbel's fitting method. Least square fit and Gumbel's method gave the best fit and predictions. A comparison of the predicted violations of NAAQS and the exceedence of the maximum pollution concentration with that of the observed data suggests that the theory performs satisfactorily for the extreme air pollution events.
TL;DR: In this paper, the EUCARS welfare analysis includes changes in consumer surplus, congestion and tax revenues, and the best policy mix to reduce CO 2 consists of fuel taxes that are combined with differentiated purchase taxes to correct for the assumed myopia.
Abstract: Policy options to reduce passenger transport emissions in Europe are simulated with the EUCARS model. The EUCARS welfare analysis includes changes in consumer surplus, congestion and tax revenues. Simulations also address consumer myopia, i.e., the underestimation of fuel costs by car buyers. The best policy mix to reduce CO 2 consists of fuel taxes that are combined with differentiated purchase taxes to correct for the assumed myopia. This combination could reduce CO 2 emissions of over 25% without reducing contemporaneous well-being. For the reduction of conventional emissions, an equivalent best mix includes an emissions-based kilometre tax combined with a purchase feebate. This mix allows a 60% reduction in toxic emissions without any noticeable welfare reduction. The overall superiority of these two mixes compared to alternative choices is higher when the evaluation includes a broad group of externalities, a premium on public funds, and positive feedbacks across emissions categories. Local traffic management measures are important zero-cost complements for an overall emissions strategy.
TL;DR: In this article, an intervention analysis model was developed to study the impact of the intervention brought in by the Government of India (GoI) to control the CO pollution caused by the vehicular exhaust emissions, by the enforcement of the emission standards for the vehicles, on the mean level of the time-series of CO concentration.
Abstract: An Intervention Analysis Model (IAM) (Box and Tiao, 1975) was developed to study the impact of the `intervention' brought in by the Government of India (GoI), to control the CO pollution caused by the vehicular exhaust emissions, by the enforcement of the emission standards for the vehicles, on the mean level of the time-series of CO concentration. The study was conducted for an Air Quality Control Region (AQCR) comprising of an urban road intersection in Delhi, India, where almost 100% CO is contributed by vehicular traffic. Application of the model suggests that the `intervention' has not been effective in bringing down the desired change; some likely causes of which have also been mentioned.
TL;DR: A Geographic Information System (GIS) based map overlay method is developed to analyze comprehensively the environmental vulnerability around road and its impact on the environment, which is adapted for the comprehensive assessment of road environmental impact and the optimal selection of road alignments.
Abstract: By integrating the merits of the map overlay method and the matrix method, a Geographic Information System (GIS) based map overlay method is developed to analyze comprehensively the environmental vulnerability around road and its impact on the environment, which is adapted for the comprehensive assessment of road environmental impact and the optimal selection of road alignments. The assessment process of the GIS based map overlay method and a detailed case study are presented, which include deciding the system structure and weights of assessment factors, making environmental vulnerability grade maps, calculating the respective coefficients of road impact extent for each factor, and evaluating the alternative alignments comprehensively to obtain the best one.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors argue that more attention should be paid in transport forecasting and modeling to the particular nature of trips and travel behavior associate with women and that the longer life expectancy of women and their continued desire for mobility also has policy implications.
Abstract: This note argues that more attention should be paid in transport forecasting and modeling to the particular nature of trips and travel behavior associate with women. Women in industrialized countries are becoming increasingly mobile but their travel patterns are different to the stereo type radial patterns often assumed as part of urban transport planning. The longer life expectancy of women and their continued desire for mobility also has policy implications. These facts, combined with potentially different attitudes towards environmental protection than men are likely to have implications for transport policy.
TL;DR: Several monitoring and surveys on ambient concentration of oxides of nitrogen (NO x ), lead (Pb), particulate matter (PM), carbon monoxide (CO) and black smoke have been carried out by the author, Bangladesh Atomic Energy Commission (BAEC), Department of Civil Engineering, Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology (BUET), and Department of Environment (DOE), Bangladesh Government at different street intersections of metropolitan Dhaka In addition, all traffic pollutant concentrations at 82 street intersections were estimated using the Gaussian Plume Model as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: Several monitoring and surveys on ambient concentration of oxides of nitrogen (NO x ), lead (Pb), particulate matter (PM), carbon monoxide (CO) and black smoke have been carried out by the author, Bangladesh Atomic Energy Commission (BAEC), Department of Civil Engineering, Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology (BUET), and Department of Environment (DOE), Bangladesh Government at different street intersections of metropolitan Dhaka In addition, all traffic pollutant concentrations at 82 street intersections were estimated using the Gaussian Plume Model The surveys and the analysis were undertaken primarily to provide an independent check on the pollutant concentration and to determine if there is any violation of the international compliance The study covers, for the first time in its type, wide areas of road intersections and surveyed concentration of oxides of nitrogen It has been observed that the concentration of NO x , black smoke, lead, and PM violate both the national and international standards in metropolitan Dhaka In addition, the concentration of CO is found relatively higher during the noon buildups
ENEA1
TL;DR: An integrated software tool environment is presented, and a methodology is proposed for the operational support of the local authority, for analysis of the impact of transport measures in terms of network energy consumption and pollutant emissions.
Abstract: An integrated software tool environment is presented, and a methodology is proposed for the operational support of the local authority, for analysis of the impact of transport measures in terms of network energy consumption and pollutant emissions. It is based on work done by the European Union within the save program (specific actions for vigorous energy efficiency)—Slam project (supporting local authorities methodology). As background, the Slam project is described, with the principal aspects and needs of environmental and traffic network management. The central section defines a methodology able to support technicians in recognizing the traffic asset and decision makers in evaluating interventions on urban transport infrastructures or technological systems. The role of the different models and their interactions with the transport telematics services currently active on the Florence (Italy) network is discussed. Finally, the procedure for calculating the traffic impacts on energy consumption is described with the help of a test case, the evaluation of a dedicated bus corridor in Florence.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigated determinants of the vessel, oil cargo spillage, and other-property damage costs of tanker accidents and found that fire/explosion accidents incur the largest vessel damage costs, but the smallest cargo spillages.
Abstract: This study investigates determinants of the vessel, oil cargo spillage, and other-property damage costs of tanker accidents. Tobit estimation of a three-equation recursive model suggests that, among types of tanker accidents, fire/explosion accidents incur the largest vessel damage costs, but the smallest oil cargo spillage costs. Alternatively, grounding accidents incur the smallest vessel damage costs, but the largest oil cargo spillage costs, reflecting the difficulty of controlling oil cargo spillage subsequent to such accidents. Also, oil cargo spillage costs are lower for US flag tanker accidents. A dollar of vessel damage cost increases other-property damage cost by $0.06, whereas a dollar of oil cargo spillage increases this cost by $1.55.
TL;DR: A line source model, developed in Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Delhi, is proposed to describe the downwind dispersion of pollutants near roadways along with a brief description of California line source (CALINE-3) dispersion model as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: A line source model, developed in Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Delhi, India, namely IIT line source (IITLS) model, is proposed to describe the downwind dispersion of pollutants near roadways along with a brief description of California line source (CALINE-3) dispersion model. Both the models are based on the Gaussian plume methodology and are used to predict air pollutants' concentrations near roadways. The IITLS model's parameters like source strength and dispersion parameters are estimated from routine data available in urban Delhi. In order to test the performance of IITLS and CALINE-3 models, the NO 2 concentrations due to vehicular traffic in Delhi at three heavy traffic places namely, ITO, Parliament street and Pahar Ganj, have been compared against observed air quality data. A statistical error analysis of both the models' predictions and observed values have been made, which shows that performance of IITLS and CALINE-3 models are comparable and also in agreement with observed values.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present a methodological framework for applying the new theory and discuss the results of a large-scale application empirical comparison between the standard and proposed methods for estimating regional mobile emissions in Sacramento, California.
Abstract: When translating travel demand model output to photochemical model input, period-based network assignment volumes must be converted to gridded-hourly vehicle emissions. A post-processor, such as the California Direct Travel Impact Model (DTIM2), is frequently used to disaggregate the period-based travel demand assignments to the fine grained spatial and temporal resolution required by the photochemical models. A recent theoretical enhancement proposed refining the temporal and spatial resolutions of travel demand model predictions using observed count data. This method provides a technique for disaggregating the period-based travel demand model assignments (e.g., AM peak, PM peak) into the hourly summaries required by most photochemical model ( Lin and Niemeier, 1997 ). In this study we present a methodological framework for applying the new theory and discuss the results of a large-scale application empirical comparison between the standard and proposed methods for estimating regional mobile emissions in Sacramento, California. The standard method produced slightly higher estimates of daily emissions (about 1%) when compared to the emissions estimated using observed count data. However, the two approaches produced hourly emissions estimates that differed by as much as 15% in some hours.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigated where, when and under what circumstances have rights of way (ROW) been actually shared in Israel and found that ROW are shared only to a limited extent, mainly within core areas.
Abstract: Sharing of rights of way (ROW) has been advanced as a measure for mitigating the fragmentation impacts of infrastructure corridors and reducing the overall effect of such corridors on open space. This paper investigates where, when and under what circumstances have ROW been actually shared in Israel. It is hypothesized that the value of land saved has a positive effect on the extent of sharing, while infrastructure and transaction costs discourage such sharing. As only land values vary systematically over space and time, it can be expected that ROW would be shared mainly in core areas, and that the extent of such sharing will increase over time. Transaction costs, and hence the actual extent of sharing are affected by inter-agency power relations. It is suggested that in Israel the forces promoting the sharing of ROW are gaining power relative to the infrastructure provision agencies. To investigate these hypotheses all cases where ROW could be shared in inter-urban settings, without reducing level of service, were mapped vis-a-vis the cases where they were actually shared. This analysis shows that ROW are shared only to a limited extent, mainly within core areas. To investigate the impediments to sharing ten case studies were conducted. The lag between the time infrastructure is planned and the time it is built was identified as an important impediment, as were current planning procedures. Privatization may further raise transaction costs and hence deter sharing of ROW. Overall, the contribution of the sharing of ROW to open space preservation is likely to be limited, primarily due to transaction costs, and hence additional measures are needed.