Showing papers in "Voprosy pitaniia in 2018"

[Vitamin status of adult population of the Russian Federation: 1987-2017].

Abstract: In a review in order to characterize the dynamics of vitamin status for the period from 1987 to the present, the results of 16 surveys (conducted in 2015-2017) of the sufficiency with vitamins C, A, E, B2 and B6 of adult men and women of working age (about 1200 people) living in different regions of the Russian Federation, were compared with the frequency of vitamin insufficiency among the population in the previous period. The statistically significant improvement in the population's supply with vitamin C in the previous decade continued in 2015-2017. The deficit of this vitamin practically ceased to occur. Reduced blood serum levels of vitamin A were rare (except for patients with tuberculosis, the indigenous inhabitants of an inaccessible village beyond the Arctic region, and pregnant women, especially in the third trimester). In comparison with the previous period, a fairly rare occurrence of vitamin E deficiency persisted. Vitamin B2 deficiency was still detected in a significant number of subjects (25-75th percentile was at the level of 30-50%) and was encountered approximately at the same frequency as in the previous period. The lack of B vitamins in the adult population was still much more common than the deficiency of vitamins A, E and C. The incidence of the combined deficiency of three or more vitamins (including, in addition to vitamins C, A, E, B2 and β-carotene, vitamins D, В6, В12, folates) currently ranged from 5 to 39%. In this same range was the frequency of observation of persons sufficiently supplied with all studied vitamins. To improve the vitamin supply of the population, the urgent need for legislative consolidation and/or adoption of normative acts regulating compulsory enrichment of food products of mass consumption (bread and milk) with vitamins D and B group has arisen.

[Prebiotics as functional food ingredients: terminology, choice and comparative evaluation criteria, classification].

Abstract: The purpose of this review is to analyze current concepts of prebiotics as one of the most promising groups of functional food ingredients, identify problems and trends in the investigations in this area. The background for the emergence and development stages of the concept of «prebiotics» as non-digestible food substances that selectively stimulate the growth and (or) the biological activity of one or a limited number of representatives of the protective microflora of the human intestine, contributing to the maintenance of its normal structure and biological activity is shown. The criteria for selecting prebiotics and the formula for prebiotic index determining are presented. Methods for determining the bifidogenic properties of functional foods enriched with probiotic microorganisms or prebiotic substances are described. Prebiotics are classified according to several factors: nature and structure, origin and sources of raw materials, the method of production, the field of application. It is shown that most researchers consider prebiotics only as substances of carbohydrate nature, primarily indigestible oligosaccharides. A brief description of the most studied prebiotics (fructans, galactans and lactulose) is given. The information on technological properties of oligosaccharide-prebiotics is generalized. It is shown that prebiotics belong to the fast growing segments in the world market of functional ingredients, however their production and use in Russia is still at the initial stage of development. The main tasks in the field of prebiotics researches are defined: clarifying the definition, improving the methods for analyzing their chemical composition, study of the effectiveness and mechanisms of influence on the intestinal microbiota, especially on the interaction in the «macroorganism-microbiota» system using modern molecular genetic methods; scientific substantiation of the possibility of prebiotics using for the prevention and treatment of alimentary-dependent diseases. For the practical implementation of these tasks, it is necessary to develop new cost-effective methods for the production of prebiotics and synbiotics, as well as food technology with their use.

The structure of macronutrient consumption by the population of various regions of Russian Federation

Abstract: The article presents data on the consumption of macronutrients by the population of large cities of all eight Federal Districts of the Russian Federation. Dietary intake assessment was investigated using method of 24-hour recall. The analyzed sample consisted of 11 850 people. The criterion for not inclusion was people working in harmful working conditions and engaged in heavy physical labor. In each of the four age groups (12-17, 18-30, 31-45, 46-60 years), there were at least 150 subjects surveyed for each gender. It has been established that in all districts of Russia the level of consumption of total fats (33.2-38.8% of the energy value of the diet) was exceeded. The level of protein intake was 9.3-11.5% with a rate of 12% of the caloric intake. The share of carbohydrates in the caloric content of the diet was 50.3-56.4% with the recommended rates of 50-60%.

Optimizing nutrition of older people as a mean of preventing premature aging

Abstract: Introduction to action GOST 33302-2015 "Fresh agricultural products. Guidance for irradiation as a phytosanitary treatment" on the territory of the Russian Federation regulating the use of radiation processing to extend shelf life and improve storability of fresh agricultural products requires commodity market understanding - to what extent and under what conditions this technology will allow you to keep the nutritional value of agricultural raw materials and meet the safety requirements in accordance with the Technical regulations of the Customs Union 021/2011 "On food safety". Currently there is no science-based regulation of radiation doses that would allow you to preserve the nutritional value of products, including antioxidant activity. Apples are the most accessible and widely distributed representative of fruit products in the consumer market of the country, characterized by a high content of antioxidants. The experimental material was investigated by a retrospective method. To confirm the fact of irradiation/non-irradiation, control samples of apples of different pomologic varieties ("Pink Lady", "Granny Smith", "Golden Delicess", "Gloster") were identified on the consumer market using electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR). The results of the study confirm that antioxidant content is due to the pomological belonging to a particular class and structure of the fruit (pulp or juice without pulp). The antioxidant activity (AOA) of freshly squeezed (untreated) juices, in contrast to the AOA of apples have lower rates and is lower for pomological variety "Pink lady" by 13.8%, for grade "Granny Smith" - by 22.0%, for the variety "Golden delicious" by 22.6% for class "Gloucester" by 23.0%, respectively. Studies have been conducted on the effect of various doses of ionizing radiation on antioxidant activity of fresh apples by potentiometric method using the K3[Fe(CN6)]/K4[Fe(CN6)] mediator system. Test samples of fresh apples were treated with ionizing radiation using a linear accelerator of electrons in doses from 1 to 12 kGy. AOA of experimental samples of fresh apples of pomological variety "Pink Lady" after irradiation with a dose of 12 kGy decreased by 4.5 fold compared with unirradiated samples, in apple varieties "Granny Smith" - by 2.9 fold, "Golden delishes" and "Gloucester" - by 3.1 fold, respectively. With an increase in irradiation dose of more than 3 kGy, the most intense decrease in antioxidant content occurs. A high correlation coefficient between the dose of irradiation and the content of antioxidants in the experimental samples of fresh apples of different pomologic varieties has been established - from 0.94 to 0.99. The obtained experimental data allow us to propose a limitation of the radiation dose to 3 kGy in order to preserve the antioxidant potential of fresh apples.

[Dietary intake of calcium in pre-school and school children in Russia: main food sources and eating occasions].

Abstract: It is known that adequate calcium intake determines formation of skeleton and genetic predisposition of its weight and density peak. Optimal calcium intake in the childhood determines risk reduction of density loss and osteoporosis in the adulthood. This research explored contribution of different food sources, as well as eating occasions on calcium dietary intake among preschool and school children (4-13 years old). Mean daily Calcium intake and dairy products consumption depending on family income have been analyzed. Dietary intake was evaluated by 24-hour recall method. National food composition data tables have been used to estimate mean nutrient intake. Dairy products were classified in accordance with local food grouping system. Percent of children consuming products - sources of calcium, amount per consumer, contribution of eating occasions to Calcium intake, foods consumed at breakfast as well as Calcium intake and dairy products consumption depending on household income has been analysed. Nationally representative sample of preschool and school age children, Russia National Nutritional Survey, was conducted in all regions of Russia in 2013 by state Federal Statistics Service - Rosstat. Sample size was 22 771 children split in four age groups: 4-6 y.o. (n=7303), 7-8 y.o. (n=4391), 9-10 y.o. (n=4691) and 11-13 y.o. (n=6386). The study confirmed the indications in the domestic and foreign literature that calcium intake was insufficient in children aged 4-13 years. Data showed age related particularities in consumption of products-sources of Calcium: percent of children consuming milk and milk-based beverages, milk porridges, cottage cheese declined rapidly in older age groups in comparison to preschoolers. A slight increase of cheese consumption was shown in older age groups. Breakfast is an important eating occasion that provides a significant proportion (23-28%) into calcium daily intake in children. Habit of skipping breakfast puts calcium daily intake at risk as it is not compensated throughout the day at other eating occasions. Our results indicate lower daily Calcium intake in breakfast skippers (11-14% of children) compared with kids of the same age who had breakfast at the day of survey. Sweetened tea and coffee consumption increased in older age groups and contrary, a milk and milk based beverages consumption droped in school age. We found lower Calcium intake and lower accessibility to variety of Calcium food sources in low socio-economic class of the children population, where milk seems to be the main product from milk and dairy food group. The findings can assist in developing food-based recommendations for optimal intake of calcium in children's daily diet. Consumption of dairy products is required to meet adequate intake and to low down prevalence of inadequate intake. There is room for improvement of dairy product consumption in terms of variety and number of serving a day especially, for children in older age groups. More attention to be dedicated to breakfast as it is an important eating occasion that contributes significantly to calcium daily intake. Study findings call for intervention programs aiming to correct the inadequacies of calcium intake in schoolchildren's diets, including nutrition education for families and support for accessibility of the products rich in calcium by low socio-economic population groups; for example, by inclusion of milk and dairy products into the school feeding programs.

Sex and line differences in biochemical indices and fat soluble vitamins sufficiency in rats on in vivo model of metabolic syndrome

Abstract: Consumption of diets that are inadequate in energy value to the actual energy expenditure can lead to the development of metabolic syndrome (MS), which has consequences such as type 2 diabetes mellitus, non-alcoholic steatohepatosis, atherosclerosis, gout, allergic diseases. Experimental models of MS are needed to develop new approaches to its dietary and drug correction. The aim of the work was a comparative analysis of functional, biochemical and vitamin markers characterizing the effect of a diet with a high content of fructose (F) on males and females of various rat lines and the selection on this basis of an optimal in vivo MS model. Male and female rats of the outbred Wistar line (W) and the inbred Dark Agouti line (DA) were used in the work number of 16 individuals of each sex and line. The animals of the 1st (control) groups of each sex and line received a balanced semi-synthetic diet according to AIN93, and the animals of the 2nd (experimental) groups - the same diet and 30% solution of F instead of water in the regime of free access. Within 121 days, energy value of diets consumed, the increase in body weight and blood pressure were determined; relative mass of internal organs, biochemical parameters of blood plasma, content of fat-soluble vitamins A and E in blood plasma and liver were determined at withdrawal of animals from experiment. It was shown that, in spite of the increased energy value of the diet in the experimental groups throughout experiment, DA males and females practically did not respond to this by an increase in body weight gain, in contrast to W rats (in particular, females). Consumption of diets with F led to an increase in glucose level irrespective of gender and line, whereas triglyceride level (TG) significantly increased only in the case of W female. Addition of F caused in DA rats of both sexes an increase in the mass of the kidneys, as well as more pronounced, in comparison with W rats manifestation of markers of toxic effects on the liver (increases alanine aminotransferase and γ-glutamyltransferase activity, elevated urea and bilirubin level in blood plasma). In rats of both lines intake of F suppressed the accumulation of retinol palmitate in the liver in terms of its specific content. The total content of α-tocopherol in liver was significantly higher in W compared with DA. At the same time, α-tocopherol levels in blood plasma correlated with TG, and the α-tocopherol/TG ratio significantly decreased in female W receiving F, which were characterized by hyperlipidemia. Thus, the effect of F on W males and, in particular, females, basically corresponded to the classical picture of MS with body weight increasing, elevated blood pressure, glycemia and TG increase, whereas the toxic effect of F prevailed in DA liver and, possibly, kidneys without development of marked dyslipidemia and obesity.

Tomato juice nutritional profile

Abstract: Every juice contains a unique set of nutritive and biologically active substances, exhibiting the properties of the named fruit or vegetable. To characterize the nutritional profile of tomato juice, the literature data (including official reference books) and the results of studies of domestic industrially produced tomato juices conducted by the Russian Juice Producers Union (RSPS) and its members have been analyzed and summarized. From the point of view of providing a man with micronutrients and minor biologically active substances, tomato juice is a significant source of antioxidants - carotenoids and vitamin E, as well as several minerals and trace elements. The amount of lycopene in a glass of tomato juice (200-250 ml) completely satisfies or exceeds the recommended daily intake of this carotenoid; the level of β-carotene in the same volume of juice provides about 20% of the recommended daily intake of vitamin A; potassium and copper - 12-15%, magnesium, iron, manganese and phosphorus - about 5%. Tomato juice is a source of dietary fiber, including soluble dietary fiber (pectin). A glass of tomato juice contains about 12% of the recommended daily intake of pectins and about 8% of dietary fiber. Wherein the calorie content of tomato juice is low - an average of 19 kcal/100 ml. The article continues a series of publications on juices nutrient profiles.

The influence of the drying method for food properties and hypolidemic potential of oyster mushrooms (Pleurotus ostreatus)

Abstract: The aim of this research was to study the influence of two drying methods: freeze-drying sublimation and dry-air drying on the selected nutritional properties and hypolipidemic potential of fruiting bodies of oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus). The criteria for evaluation of the food properties were the color, the morphological structure, regidratation capacity, the total level of soluble proteins, fats, polysaccharides, free amino acids and monosaccharides. Lipid-lowering potential of oyster mushroom was evaluated by the concentration of lovastatin and the level of antioxidant activity. It has been experimentally revealed that the value of optical density of hydro-alcohol extracts of dried oyster mushrooms at a wavelength of 295 nm most clearly characterized its color which intensity was almost twice less in sublimated mushrooms, than шт the sample dried by dry-air method. Histological data showed that dry-air drying lead to the destruction of the mushroom cells and to the formation of a dense layered structure. Sublimation drying preserved the ordered cell structure and provided less deformation and shrinkage of the tissues. Using X-ray microtomography it was reported that freeze-dried mushrooms had uniform pore volume distribution. Dry-air dehydration method lead to the formation of larger cavities. The average percentage of the open pores was: 29.41±0.52% (after dry-air method), 11.10±0.41% (after freeze-drying method). Respectively the number of closed pores, which reflected the true value of porosity, was 0.99±0.01 and 1.75±0.01%. Structural differences of the samples of the dry oyster mushroom combined with their unequal hydration ability. Indicator of rehydration for oyster mushroom dried by sublimation method was 5.4±0.1, and for samples obtained by dry-air method it was 3.2±0.1. Respectively the average time of maximum water absorption was 22.7±1.8 and 45.3±2.9 minutes. It was found that the freeze-drying sublimation conditions were more conducive for the preservation of the biologically active protein and polysaccharide components of oyster mushrooms and on the other hand dry-air drying method increased the nutritional value of oyster mushrooms due to the reactions of polysaccharides autohydrolysis. The number of proteins and polysaccharides of the Oyster mushrooms samples dried by dry-air method and freeze-drying method was 72.0% and 56.0% respectively. Concentrations of free amino acids and glucose in the samples dried by freeze-drying and dry-air methods were 11.60±0.31%; 175.20±6.10 mg% and 7.00±0.28%; 144.0±5.7 mg% respectively. It has been experimentally recorded that the conditions of freeze drying were optimal in terms of ensuring the preservation of the content of natural statin and the antioxidant capacity of oyster mushrooms that provided its hypolipidemic potential. The amount of lovastatin in an the freeze-dried samples was 342±9.0 mg/kg, and was significantly higher than in the samples received by dry-air method - 190±6.0 mg/kg. The level of antioxidant activity of the oyster mushrooms samples were respectively 3.83±0.02 against 2.0±0.03 mmol/100 g. The conducted researches proved that for the production of dry oyster mushroom as a potential biologically active feedstock for the functional food products with lipid-regulating directivity the choice of the drying method had a fundamental importance.

[Nutrition of children in modern Russian family: social and economic aspect].

Abstract: The aim of this article is to study the problem of the nutritional status of children in a modern Russian family. This work is based on the analysis of statistical data of the results of a sample survey of households' budgets, reflecting the interrelationship between the standard of living of the Russian family and children, its material wealth, the possibility of high quality, high-grade nutrition for all its members, especially children. The standard of living, the share of food expenditure, the consumption of basic food groups, the nutritive and energy value of diets in households with children (a family with one child, two, three or more children) were studied. The article discusses the issues related to the limited consumption of various food products in families with children. There is an increase in consumption of bread products and potatoes, as well as sugar and confectionery products in all types of households with children, but especially in large families, while reducing the consumption of other groups of products. The paper presents an analysis of the nutritive and energy value of the diet in all types of families surveyed. It is emphasized that in households with one or two children the nutritive value of the diet is significantly higher than in large families. In the diet of large families there is a lackof protein (11.8% of calories). The fat content in the diet of families with children exceeds the recommended level (34.8-36.6% of calories). In general, the quality of nutrition in families with one child is higher than in households with two or more children. The nutritional status of children in families with low incomes, which often include the average family with the birth of a child, especially several, does not correspond to the medical and biological standards approved for modern society. Obviously, the higher is living standard of the population, the lower is the share of expenditure on food, and vice versa. With the advent of children, the living standard of a household decreases. Thus, according to official data, the share of food expenditures in families with children in 2016 was 34.4% of the family budget for families raising one child, 36.9% for families raising two children, 40.1% for households with three or more children. Accordingly, the lower is the living standard of the family, the less they spend on maintaining the health of children, their education and recreation. The paper emphasizes that the problem of rational nutrition of the population has a pronounced social and economic significance and belongs to the global categories that play a significant role in ensuring the quality of life of a person, maintaining his health and longevity of life.

Specialized food products with modified carbohydrate profile for dietary correction of diet of patients with type 2 diabetes

Abstract: In recent years, the incidence of diabetes mellitus (DM) in the world is growing steadily. According to the international diabetes Federation (IDF), the number of DM patients in the world in 2015 was 415 million, of them more than 90% - patients with type 2 diabetes. According to forecasts, in 2040 their number will increase to 642 million. Russia ranks fifth among the ten countries with the largest number of the adult population with diabetes. Dietary correction of the diet of patients with type 2 DM is carried out by the inclusion of specialized foods with a modified carbohydrate profile containing ingredients with hypoglycemic action. The purpose of the study - the development of composition and technology of specialized foods and assessment of the possibility of their use in the therapy of patients with type 2 diabetes. Taking into account the medical requirements for diet therapy for type 2 diabetes, composition and technology of two specialized foods in the form of beverage concentrates have been developed. The technology of step-bystep mixing contributed to the uniform distribution of biologically active substances in the mass of the product. The absence of sucrose and digestible polysaccharides in the composition of the developed products was established, the presence of about 1% lactose was due to its content in the protein component. Humidity didn't exceed the standard values for similar products, the values water activity were typical for products with low humidity, which justified the prediction of the microbiological stability of the developed products during storage. The osmolality of the beverages restored in accordance with the method of preparation was 310 and 258 mOsm/kg, which characterized them as isotonic. The products were balanced in amino acid composition, had a high score of essential amino acids due to the introduction of a combination of proteins. The consumption of one serving (30 g) of the product in the form of a drink (200 ml) provided an average daily requirement for essential amino acids by 15-22%, polyunsaturated fatty acids ω-3 - by 10%, ω-6 - by 15%, soluble dietary fibers - by 50-55%, vitamins groups B - by 14-81%, C - by 46%, A, D3, E, K1 - by 17-46%, minerals and trace elements - by 10- 33%. The content of polyphenols was about a half of its adequate level of consumption. The inclusion of specialized foods with a modified carbohydrate profile in the composition of the low-calorie diet lead to the stabilization of postprandial blood glucose levels in patients with type 2 DM.

Biological properties of tocotrienols

Abstract: The literature review systematizes a lot of information on the biological effects of tocotrienols. The effects are described in more details. Vitamin E was discovered at 20s of the last century, but tocotrienols are a less studied part of it. Tocotrienols exhibit cardioprotective, lipid-lowering, antitumor, anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective properties as it has been shown by recent researches. Edible oils (e.g. palm oil, rice bran oil, barley oil, etc.) contain high level of tocotrienols. So, after extraction from plant raw materials they can be used for long-term preventive therapy of many diseases, as well as for the treatment and enhancement of the action of medicinal substances. They can also be used as functional ingredients to stabilize and extend the shelf-life of food products due to their antioxidant properties.

Experimental evaluation of hypolipidemic properties of soy and rice proteins and their enzyme hydrolysates. A brief review

Abstract: Metabolic syndrome (MS) is characterized with high prevalence, constant increase of people suffering from this disease and high rate of cardiovascular complications. The key factors, leading to the development of metabolism disorders during MS, are visceral fat mass growth and decrease in sensitivity of peripheral tissues to insulin, which are associated with disorders of carbohydrate, lipid, purine metabolism and arterial hypertension. The main results of in vivo studies of hypolipidemic properties of soy protein, rice bran protein and their enzymatic hydrolysates using laboratory rats and mice with experimentally induced or genetically associated dyslipidemia are presented in this review. The analysis of reviewed publications shows that consumption of soy protein provides body weight loss, normalizes lipid metabolism, reduces insulin resistance. The consumption of rice protein by laboratory animals, as well as soy protein, leads to decrease of serum cholesterol level and also provides steroid excretion, such as cholesterol and bile acids, with feces. Enzymatic hydrolysis of food proteins allows obtaining peptide mixtures with high biological value and improved functional properties, especially water solubility and intestinal absorption. In their turn, hypolipidemic peptides of hydrolysates can play a key role in endogenous cholesterol homeostasis by means of disturbing its micellar solubility, intestinal absorption, changing bile acids entherohepatic circulation, and also lowering the expression of some genes of proteins - mediators of lipid transport. It has been concluded, that hypolipidemic properties of obtained enzymatic hydrolysates of food proteins determine the prospects of their use in specialized food products for prevention of metabolic disorders.

Content of some vitamins in food ration and blood serum of professional athletes

Abstract: The aim of the work was a comparative assessment of the vitamin status of athletes specializing in different kinds of sport (bobsleigh, dispersing and pilots, biathlon, bullet shooting) by means of assessment of the content of vitamins in the diet and blood serum. 159 professional athletes of both sexes were examined in the pre-competition period of the sport activity. The average age of the surveyed 92 men was 21.7±0.8 years, 67 women - 23.1±1.5 years. The actual data on the intake of some vitamins with the main and supplementary diet and blood serum have been presented. The basic diet of athletes didn't provide adequate intake of vitamins. The most pronounced deficiency of B vitamins and vitamin C in the basic diet was noted in female athletes specializing in bobsleigh. Only enrichment of the basic diet with specialized products for athletes and dietary supplements allowed sportsmen to increase their vitamin intake to the recommended level. At the same time, the intake of vitamins В1 and В2 with supplements in a number of athletes exceeded the upper permissible level of their consumption as a part of dietary supplements and specialized food products. The concentration of vitamins C and A in the blood serum exceeded the lower limit of the physiological norm in all athletes. At the same time, in 15.6 and 35.9% of the people, the concentration of these vitamins exceeded the upper limit of the norm. In 17.4% of the examined, a lack of vitamin E was identified, while an increased tocopherol concentration was found in 22.3% of athletes. Comparison of data on the vitamin consumption and their blood level made it possible to conclude that, in order to maintain the optimal vitamin status of the athlete's organism, it was inappropriate to use excessive doses of vitamins C (>200-300 mg/day), E (>50 mg TE/day) and A (>1500 μg RE/day). The unreasonableness of using in the diet of athletes excessively high doses of antioxidant vitamins, the increased demand for B vitamins and the appropriateness of correlating the need for B vitamins with the energy value of the diet have been discussed.

Development of biotechnology of fermented milk product with Lactobacillus reuteri LR1 and the evaluation of its functional property in experiment in vitro and in vivo

Abstract: In this article the biotechnology of the dairy product based on the probiotic strain of Lactobacillus reuteri LR1 is presented. The following conditions of milk fermentation were screened: fermentation by monoculture of Lactobacillus reuteri LR1, fermentation by monoculture of Lactobacillus reuteri LR1 with addition of yeast extract as growth-promoting factor, and combined fermentation by Lactobacillus reuteri LR1, Lactobacillus helveticus NK1 and Streptococcus thermophilus (HTC). It had been demonstrated that after 8 hours of cultivation the number of Lactobacillus reuteri LR1 cells in the monoculture with introduced yeast extract was up to 5,9×108 CFU/cm3 whereas cell count for the monoculture without yeast extract introduction was 1,6×107 CFU/cm3. The optimized biotechnological parameters of the dairy product fermentation, which provided the required Lactobacillus reuteri LR1 cell count, were as follows: Lactobacillus reuteri LR1 starter dosage of 6%, HTC starter dosage of 3-4%, fermentation temperature of 37±1 °C, and fermentation duration of 6 hours. The developed product possessed an apparent antagonistic activity against test-cultures of such pathogenic and opportunistic microorganisms as E. coli ATCC 25922, Salmonella typhimurium, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538 and Klebsiella pneumoniae. The survival of the test-cultures cultivated with the obtained dairy product on the first cultivation day was from 36 to 46% and on the second - from 8 to 20%, in comparison with the pure test-cultures. The investigation of the functional properties of the obtained dairy product was carried out by the single-factor experiment with the albino Wistar rat-stock (initial body weight 160±10 g, n=10 in each group). Its positive effect on the rats' microbiome composition and lipid exchange indices has been demonstrated. It had been shown that the administration of the obtained dairy product in the rats' diet (5 ml per day per os) during 30 days didn't cause any abnormalities in the health status and behavior of the laboratory animals of spf-category. The number and distribution of leucocytes and lymphocytes, and granulocytes in all rats' populations (intact, control and treatment) were within the normal range. Upon the introduction of the developed dairy product into the rats' diet, the increased levels of bifidobacteria, lactic acid bacteria and typical for normal rats' microflora enterobacteria were observed in the rats' microbiome. As for the biochemical indices that characterize rats' lipid metabolism, the rats consuming fermented dairy products (control and treatment) demonstrated statistically significant reduction of blood serum cholesterol level compared to the intact rat group; additionally the rats consuming the developed in this study dairy product (treatment) demonstrated statistically significant reduction of blood serum triglyceride level compared to the intact rats. Utilized in this study Lactobacillus reuteri LR1 is the first strain that was purified in Russia and characterized as useful for manufacturing of the probiotic food products, since currently only Lactobacillus reuteri strains of foreign origin can be seen on the market.

Organization of nutrition of children and adolescents at the regional level

Abstract: The article presents the results of 13-year monitoring epidemiological studies on the actual nutrition and eating habits among children and adolescents studying in educational institutions of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia). The study used standardized questionnaires, adapted by the Nutrition Center of the Health Institute M.K. Ammosov North-Eastern Federal University, in accordance with national traditions and food culture of the peoples of the North and the Arctic. Methods of frequency analysis of consumption of individual products and daily reproduction of food from memory have been used to study the main parameters of consumption of individual foods, including those from local animal and vegetable raw materials, and national dishes. Three monitoring epidemiological studies of 2001 (1st study), 2008 (2nd study), 2013 (3rd study) studied the energy value of diets and nutrients (proteins, fats, carbohydrates, vitamins and minerals), the contribution of macronutrients in energy value. Schoolchildren's awareness of healthy nutrition was assessed. Dietary habits and addictions of children to particular foods and dishes have been identified. A comprehensive assessment of the actual nutrition and health status of 130 adolescents aged 15-18 years is given to study the effect of actual nutrition on the health of children, their anthropometric indices and body composition. Based on the results obtained, recommendations on how to optimize the nutrition of children of school age were scientifically substantiated, measures were taken to improve it, and conclusions were drawn on the need to improve the legal regulation of school feeding.

Investigation of lignans and anthocyanins as the main biologically active polyphenols of Schizandra chinensis fruits

Abstract: For the first time the content and composition of dibenzocyclooctadiene lignans and anthocyanins in 10 samples of Chinese magnolia-vine fruits (Schizandra chinensis) collected in the Moscow Region, Khabarovsk and Primorsky Krai were studied. The determination of the profile of lignans was carried out according to the our original HPLC technique with diode-array spectrophotometric and mass spectrometric detection. The validation of the methodology for linearity, accuracy and precision was carried out. 11 characteristic for Schizandra chinensis lignans were found in all samples. In dried fruits the main lignan was schisandrine, in fresh-frozen fruits - angeloylgomizin O. The total content of lignans in fresh-frozen fruits was 5.50 mg/g, in dried fruits - from 12.50 to 18.95 mg/g. Anthocyanins of Chinese magnolia-vine were mainly represented by cyanidin glycosides, among which cyanidin-3-xylosylrutinoside was predominated. The total content of anthocyanins determined by pH-differential spectrophotometry was from 0.21 mg/g in fresh-frozen fruits to 0.35-0.72 mg/g in dried fruits. The results obtained can be used to identify and standardize the fruits of Chinese magnolia- vine and the products of their processing.

Features of actual nutrition of the adult population in Republic of Buryatia in modern conditions

Abstract: Evaluation of the actual nutrition of the population of individual regions allows the development of targeted practical measures to improve nutrition, the structure of food consumption and appropriate recommendations to ensure optimal development and health status of a person. In order to study the nutrition of the adult population of the Republic of Buryatia, a retrospective analysis of the feeding structure data was conducted according to the data of the territorial department of the Federal State Statistics Service for the Republic of Buryatia, and the results obtained in the course of the questionnaire survey of 426 people (chosen by selective method with observance of representativeness) were analyzed. The data are presented obtained on the results of comparison with physiological needs in energy and nutrients for men and women in the most employable age of 30-39 years, having the third group of labor intensity. The structure of the food indicates its irrationality, which was confirmed by an increase in the consumption of food products with high content of saturated fats and added sugars, a decrease in the consumption of biologically valuable food products with high food density. In the product mix of the adult population of the republic, both among men and women, there was a lack of consumption of products from aquatic bioresources, vegetables, dairy products and eggs. At the same time, the consumption of bakery, flour-grinding products and potatoes in aggregate amounted to 120% of the recommended level. According to the results of the observation, 91.6% of the interviewed did not take into account the distribution of caloric intake by meals, in 50.8% the highest calorie intake was for dinner. Actual nutrition included elements that are risk factors for the development of endocrine pathology, disorders of the hormonal system and other metabolic diseases. There was a high level of energy intake for a number of years, which averaged 2891±43.6 kcal in men, 2407±38.4 in women, due to excess of fat and carbohydrates with a protein content of 82.4-87.3% of the recommended level. As a result, the problem of healthy nutrition, bringing the diet in line with the real physiological needs of a person requires serious systemic decisions in terms of organizing, systematizing and standardizing nutrition.

Grape juice nutritional profile

Abstract: The nutrient profile of grape juice is presented on the basis of reference books data analysis, scientific publications and research results. The profile contains more than 30 food and biologically active substances (BAS). Grape juice does not have high acidity, it contains on average 0.4 g of organic acids per 100 cm3. Tartaric acid and L-malic acid are major acids in grape juice. The presence of tartaric acid is a distinctive feature of grape juice, in other juices it presents extremely rare and only in traces. Potassium, magnesium, iron, manganese, as well as flavonoids and hydroxycinnamic acids are the most important for grape juice from the point of view of providing humans with micronutrients and minor BAS. Juices from red/purple grapes varieties contain anthocyanins (on average 3 mg/100 cm3), the color of grapes and grape juices are associated with them, about 50% of the anthocyanins are malvidin glycosides. Resveratrol (an average of 0.01 mg/ 100 cm3), a stilbenoid, is also found in grape juices, this substance is widely studied recently due to its high antioxidant activity. Caftaric acid prevails among hydroxycinnamic acids presented in grape juice (on average 5 mg/100 cm3). A portion of industrial grape juice contains, on average, 6-10% of human daily need for potassium, about 5-8% for magnesium, iron and manganese. The content of flavonoids per serving is about 25% of the adequate level of daily consumption, and the content of hydroxycinnamic acids exceeds it. Studies of fresh grapes purchased in commercial networks show that the content of magnesium, iron and manganese in grape juices of industrial production is comparable to the content of these micronutriens in fresh fruit.

Antimutagenic and antioxidant features of confectionery products containing the powder from the leaves of Hippophae rhamnoides L.

Abstract: The aim of the work was to determine the possibility of using the powder from the leaves of Hippophae rhamnoides L. for enriching flour confectionery and to evaluate the antimutagenic and antioxidant activity of the product. The experiment was carried out on 24 white Wistar rats with initial body weight (b.w.) 180-200 g. The animals of the experimental group (n=8) received confection containing sea buckthorn powder at a rate of 20 mg per 100 g b.w. for 14 days on the background of a standard vivarium diet. The animals of the control and intact groups received confection containing no bioactive supplement at the same dose. Antimutagenic and antioxidant effects were estimated in a day after a single injection of cyclophosphamide at a dose of 20 mg/kg b.w. The number of chromosomal aberrations in bone marrow cells of white rats was counted and the activity of catalase, superoxide dismutase (SOD), the level of reduced glutathione and the concentration of TBA-active products in blood were evaluated. The intake of the confectionery containing the powdered H. rhamnoides leaves resulted in the 45% decrease of the number of damaged cells, 50% decrease of the proportion of cells with multiple chromosome breaks and 52% decrease of the number of achromatic gaps as compared to animals of the control group (n=8). The cake intake increased the activity of catalase (by 52%) and SOD (by 33%) and glutathione content (by 26%) in blood.

[A comparative analysis of actual nutrition of children aged 9-10 years].

Abstract: Aim of the study is to carry out a comparative analysis of actual nutrition of children aged 9-10 years with different nutritional status, to asses relationships between Energy Value (EV) of diet, BMI and diet composition. The study covers two groups of children residing in Almaty - 80 children aged 9-10 years with obesity (40 boys and 40 girls) and 80 normal-weight children (40 boys and 40 girls). To determine the nutritional status of the children, diagnostic criteria such as BMI-for-Age Z-score tables of WHO growth standards have been used. The nutrition was studied using the 24-hour recall method. The level of consumption across the entire range of food products, with the exception of cheese, cottage cheese, fish and eggs, turned out to be higher for the obese children with a difference range of 20-151% as compared to normal-weight children. Irrespectively of the nutritional status, all groups of children failed to achieve the recommended level of consumption of vegetables (1.7-fold less than recommended on average), potato (1.4-fold), milk and/or liquid fermented milk products (2.6-fold), fish (4.9-fold), eggs (3.1-fold), and consumed refined foods significantly higher than its limit level (confectionary items - 5.6-fold, flour - 2.9-fold). The contribution of sugar, pasta and sausages to EV of the diet was higher in diet of obese children as compared to normalweight children. The daily Energy Intake (EI) for the obese children was significantly higher than for the normal-weight children. The obese boys consumed 2174±564 kcal whereas normal-weight boys - 1625±343 kcal, obese girls - 2059±530 kcal, normalweight girls - 1532±293 kcal. The macronutrient composition of the diet for obese children differed from that of normal-weight children by increased proportions across all nutrients; however it didn't differ from the normal-weight children's diet in terms of the percentage content of macronutrients and the nature of imbalance. The imbalance took the form of a reduced quota of carbohydrates, excessive intake of simple carbohydrates (2-fold), saturated fats (1.5-fold), and a deficiency of dietary fibers, vitamins A, D, B group (thiamine, niacin, pantothenic acid, biotin, folic acid), zinc and calcium. The relative content of dietary fibers in the diet of obese children was lower than that in the diet of normal-weight counterparts. In obese children the percentage of carbohydrates contribution to EV of the diet served as a predictor of EI (β=0.5, р=0.00). Elevated BMI was predicted by EI (β=0.7, р=0.00), Carbohydrate to Fiber Ratio (β=0.2, р=0.05), Carbohydrate to Fat Ratio (β=0.3, р=0.01), Carbohydrate to Protein Ratio (β=0.3, р=0.01), percentage of carbohydrate contribution to EV of the diet (β=0.3, р=0.01). Thereby elevated BMI was predicted by EI, carbohydrate intake and by deficiency of the dietary fiber.

Consumption of carbohydratecontaining beverages and their contribution to the total calorie content of the diet

Abstract: The article presents data on the frequency of consumption of carbohydrate-containing sweet carbonated drinks by the population of the Russian Federation and their contribution to the overall caloric intake of the diet. Questioning 11 850 people of different ages (from 12 to 60 years) and sex in all eight Federal Districts of Russia has been conducted. The frequency of food consumption has been studied, and in parallel dietary intake has been assessed using 24-hour recall method. The survey showed a fairly low frequency of consumption of sweet carbonated beverages and no significant differences in the frequency of their consumption by the population of various federal districts of Russia. With a certain frequency from 55.5 to 67.3% of the population consumed sweet carbonated drinks, while 18.1-20.9% of the respondents did not consume them more often 1-3 times a month, and 1.3% of the surveyed (from 0.3% in the North- West to 3.9% in the Southern Federal District) - 2 times a day or more often. Analysis of the data obtained showed that the contribution of the carbohydrate component contained in sweet carbonated beverages, even when consumed frequently (5-6 times a week) did not exceed 3.71% of the total diet calorie intake and not more than 7.1% of the caloric value of carbohydrates' intake.

Biodegradation of proteins of grain raw materials for the production of new bakery products

Abstract: The effect of enzyme systems on the degree of protein destruction of grain crops to obtain new types of bakery products has been studied. Protein and amino acid composition of triticale grain crop in comparison with wheat and rye one has been studied. The high biological value of triticale proteins containing 38.75% of essential amino acids while in wheat - 34.93% has been shown. The influence of different enzyme systems (ES) with proteolytic action on the efficiency of catalytic modification of triticale proteins has been investigated. It was found that the highest activity was shown by the enzymatic system ES-1, synthesized by the mycelial fungus Aspergillus oryzae, as a result of which at a concentration of 5 u/g, the level of accumulation of amine nitrogen in triticale enzymatic hydrolysates was 125 mg%; the degree of hydrolysis of proteins was 90%. Enzyme preparations of bacterial origin, as well as alkalase and papain had a lower ability to hydrolyze triticale proteins. The fractional composition of modified proteins obtained by ES-1 showed a decrease in their molecular weight (to 35 kDa). Analysis of amino acid composition in grain enzymatic hydrolysates showed that as a result of exposure to FS-1, about 50% of the total number of amino acids passed into the free state, of which 38.8 to 43.6% were essential amino acids. The recipes of breads, containing composition of wheat flour and fermentolizates of the whole-grain triticale flour in the ratio 1:1 have been tested. The amino acid composition of the bread showed that the test samples contained 6.2 fold more free amino acids than the control. The use of fermented triticale in the recipes of bread allowed to increase the content of essential amino acids such as methionine, valine, isoleucine, leucine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan and lysine in 2.0-5.0 times. It was shown that the developed technology allowed baking bread containing peptides with reduced molecular weight and free amino acids, which by its organoleptic and physic-chemical parameters corresponded to classic bakery products.

Meat quality in broilers reared in different housing systems

Abstract: Meat quality was assessed in Cobb-500 cage vs. floor-housed broilers slaughtered at 38 vs 49 days of age. Broilers (105 birds per housing system) were reared since 1 day of age in conditions of vivarium of Center for Selection and Genetics «Zagorskoye EPH». Fat content in breast meat was significantly higher (p<0.05) at both slaughter ages in cage-housed broilers (2.0 and 2.7% at slaughter age 38 and 49 days, respectively) compared to floor-housed (1.6 and 2.2%). Protein content in breast meat was higher in floor-caged broilers. Total collagen content in thigh meat of floor housed broilers (789.88 mg/100 g) was 1.5 fold higher compared to cage-housed (515.80 mg/100 g, p<0.05). Fatty acid profiles of meat were mostly affected by the type of meat (red vs white) and to a lesser extent by housing system and slaughter age. Water-holding capacity in red meat significantly differed between slaughter ages and between housing systems at slaughter age 38 days (р<0.05): at slaughter age 38 days water-holding capacity in red meat was 67.3 in cage-housed broilers vs. 70.1% in floor-housed; at slaughter age 49 days 74.9 vs. 76.0%, respectively. The five-point scores of sensory taste evaluation for the meat of floor-housed broilers (4.55 and 4.91 for breast meat at slaughter ages 38 and 49 days; 4.40 and 4.90 for thigh meat) were better compared to cage-housed (4.47 and 4.83 for breast meat at slaughter ages 38 and 49 days; 4.37 and 4.70 for thigh meat). The conclusion was made that meat quality estimated by a set of the relevant parameters was marginally better in floor housed broilers in compare to cage-housed.

Assesment of the nutrition and antioxidant activity of biological liquids in students

Abstract: Studying of quality of nutrition of students is of great importance as it is one of the major factors defining the state of health, especially during the periods of adaptation to the changing conditions of the environment and stressful situations. Stability or, on the contrary, predisposition to stressor violations is defined by numerous factors including the nutritive status of an organism. The purpose of the research was the analysis of the actual diet of the studying youth during educational process and assessment antioxidant activity of biological liquids of an organism. 74 students shared in a research: 30 young men and 44 girls. For assessment of the actual nutrition a method of the food diary within 5 days, excepting days off and holidays, has been used. It has been established that frequency of a meal at most of students was 3-4 times a day. Most of students consumed the first dishes1-2 times a week (56.7% of young men and 63.6% of girls), at the same time these dishes were absent in a diet at 13.6% of girls. The second dishes were present in the diet of all students. In both groups the average index of body weight was in limits of norm (18.5-25.0 kg/m2). At the same time body weight was reduced at 6.7% of young men and 11.4% of girls; excess body weight was revealed at 20.0% of young men and 6.8% of girls. 73.3% of young men and 81.8% of girls had normal body weight. In young men the calorie content of the diet, the protein and fat content slightly differed from the norm. At the same time, a carbohydrate imbalance was observed - an increase in the proportion of simple carbohydrates (sugars) (p≤0.05) and a decrease in the content of starch and dietary fiber (p≤0.05). In girls, protein intake was below the normal level and a similar carbohydrate imbalance was noted (p≤0.05). The content of vitamins in the diet of both boys and girls was reduced. Youngsters had a deficiency of β-carotene and vitamin C, in girls it was aggravated with vitamins B1 and B2 (p≤0.05). In the diet of the surveyed, a deficiency of such minerals as calcium and magnesium was noted; in girls - potassium, phosphorus and iron in addition (p≤0.05). Excessive element in the diet was sodium. In the diet of young men the content of phosphorus and iron exceeded the norm. Thus, the analysis of the diet of students indicated a lack and imbalance in the content of both macroand micronutrients, which was most pronounced in girls. The total antioxidant activity of biological liquids of an organism - blood serum, urine and saliva (determined by amperometric method using a system for liquid chromatography) decreased among: urine, blood serum, saliva. Blood serum of young men possessed greater antioxidant activity than in girls; while in urine the dependence was reversed. Thus, in order to increase the antioxidant status of the organism during periods of adaptation and stress, a qualitative and quantitative balance of the diet and increased consumption of antioxidants is necessary.

Sour cherry juice nutritional profile

Abstract: Berries of a honeysuckle are valuable raw materials which contain biologically active substances and can be used for production of foodstuff. A research objective was the development of sorbet with the use of honeysuckle berries in fresh and frozen state. It has been established that for product stabilization it was necessary to add an agar (1.6% to the mass of mix) and starch syrup (55 g per 1 kg of mass of mix). On the basis of results of the conducted researches the compounding has been proved and the technology of the frozen dessert (sorbet) from fresh and frozen honeysuckle berries has been developed. The content of vitamin C and flavonoids has been investigated. The content of vitamin C in sorbet from fresh berries was 62.5 mg/100 g, and from frozen ones - 52 mg/100 g. Content of flavonoids in a dessert received 850 mg per 100 g that allowed to recommend a product for the mass consumer and also people who have excluded milk and dairy products from the ration. Microbiological indicators of the developed sorbet didn't exceed threshold value both after preparation, and throughout the entire period of storage (72 h).

[Characteristics of free fatty acid metabolism in pathogenesis of obesity: current view].

Abstract: Obesity is a chronic disease that turns up one of the main healthcare problems in the majority of industrialized countries. In modern literature, free fatty acid (FFA) metabolism disturbances are thought to play one of the key roles in the pathogenesis of obesity. This review accumulates and summarizes basic facts on FFA normal metabolism and currently known concepts explaining the relation between FFA metabolism disturbances and pathogenesis of obesity and associated complications. Ectopic fat recruitment (i.e., in nonadipose tissues) appears to be a key feature of metabolic disturbances in obesity. It was the finding, that has led to the believe that an imbalance in fatty acid trafficking away from adipose tissue towards non-adipose tissues is a primary cause for the development of metabolic alterations in obese subjects. Recently FFA trafficking within non-adipose tissues cells (particularly towards storage in the form of triglycerides and oxidation) has considerably more important significance in the pathogenesis of obesity. After that FFA has established to be important signaling molecules, interacting with specific receptors (that are localized in different tissues) and by this way influence on body metabolism. Failure of these influences also appears to be important factor of obesity pathogenesis. Thus, FFA metabolism play an important role in obesity pathogenesis. This influence is caused by both FFA trafficking and oxidation disturbances in adipose and non-adipose tissues and direct interaction of FFA with specific receptors in different tissues.

Sour cherry juice nutritional profile

Abstract: Russia is one of the main producers of sour cherry, along with Turkey and Poland, and juice products from sour cherry are widely represented in the trade network. Sour cherry contains practically no sucrose, has a high content of organic acids, is rich in mineral and polyphenolic compounds, in particular, in anthocyanins, which give it a bright color. Sour cherry is close to many berries by its composition. At the same time, the literature data on the content of various natural substances in sour cherry juice are not numerous and need to be clarified, especially with reference to the industrially produced juice products. Organic acids of sour cherry juice are represented mainly by L-malic acid (1.2-2.7 g/100 ml). The most significant substances of sour cherry juice are polyphenolic compounds - flavonoids, mainly represented by anthocyanins (about 70% of them is cyanidin-3-O-glucosylrutinoside); phenolic acids - hydroxycinnamic acids, mainly represented by chlorogenic acids and 3-coumaroylquinic acid, as well as mineral substances - potassium, magnesium, copper and manganese. Sour cherry juice has a high acidity and is usually consumed in the form of nectars. Flavonoids content in a portion of sour cherry nectar is about 15% of adequate daily intake, anthocyanins - 20%, and the content of hydroxycinnamic acids - exceeds it. One portion of nectar contains on the average 10% of the daily requirement of the human body in copper and manganese, 6% in potassium and 3% in magnesium.

[Effect of B-vitamin deficiency on biochemical, immunologic markers and trace element status of rats and mice of various lines].

Abstract: In the course of evolution in animals and humans, a complex and effective system for providing the body with iodine in the form of various organic and inorganic compounds was developed. The metabolism of inorganic iodine has been studied quite well, in contrast to the mechanism of assimilation of its organic compounds. Among the latter, iodotyrosines, which are part of iodinated milk proteins, are of particular interest. To distinguish the peculiarities of the biotransformation of iodotyrosines in the animals' organism, their concentration and the concentration of tyrosine in blood plasma of rats after single administration of iodinated milk proteins were determined. For comparison, in parallel a group of animals received potassium iodide. The tested preparations were administered intragastrically with a probe in the form of aqueous solutions at a dose equivalent to 30 μg iodine per 1 kg of body weight. The level of mono- and diiodotyrosine in rat blood plasma was determined by HPLC with a mass spectrometer detector. The tyrosine content was determined on an automatic amino acid analyzer. The registration of the indices was carried out before the administration and 1, 4 and 24 hours after the administration of the substances. In the course of the conducted studies it was found that when iodinated milk proteins are once administered, a significant increase in the concentrations of monoiodotyrosine and diiodotyrosine is observed. The maximum level of iodinated amino acids, exceeding the control values by more than 6 fold, was recorded 4 hours after the ingestion of iodine-containing organic compounds into the body. At the same time interval, an increase in the concentration of tyrosine was observed in one of the experimental groups receiving iodinated milk protein. The simultaneous presence of tyrosine and its iodinated derivatives in blood plasma may indicate that monoiodotyrosine and diiodotyrosine are capable of being absorbed into the systemic bloodstream without metabolic transformations in the liver. Under introduction of potassium iodide, an increase in blood plasma concentration of monoiodotyrosine by 35% compared to the control was observed only after 24 hours, which may be a consequence of the activation of the thyroid gland due to the intake of an increased amount of iodine.

Assessment of the risk of malnutrition in the older age group of the Voronezh Region

Abstract: Modern scientific data indicate the widespread use in European countries of questioning in assessing the nutritional status of patients. The use of questionnaires in medical practice allows the doctor to reduce the time to collect anamnesis, to place emphasis on building a further algorithm of diagnosis and treatment. The article is devoted to the study of the nutritional status of elderly people in the city of Voronezh and the Region; determining the risk of malnutrition syndrome. The work involved 166 people aged 60 to 89 years. The average age of the respondents was 69.4±7.2 years. The main part of the participants consisted of urban population, the predominance of urban population over rural was more than 2 fold (67.5 to 32.5% respectively). 72.3% of respondents were female, 27.7% - male. At the same time, the share of urban population among female participants was almost 2 fold more than in rural areas (64.2 to 35.8%). For men, the urban population was more than 3 fold than the rural population (76.1 to 23.9%). Methods of registration of anthropometric data, collection of anamnesis and data from the outpatient card, questioning have been used in the work. A questionnaire «Mini Nutritional Assessment» (MNA) have been used for the evaluation of nutrition. Study design: a retrospective study. In the course of the work it was determined that only 1.8% of the surveyed patients have the syndrome of malnutrition. However, the risk of its development was revealed in 46.6% of patients. Older people living in the city had a statistically significantly higher risk of developing malnutrition (p<0.05) than the villagers.

Sources of added sugar and their possible significance in the formation of obesity and overweight

Abstract: The results of a study on the frequency of consumption of added sugar by the population of the Central Federal District of the Russian Federation are presented obtained on the basis of a questioning of 2043 persons of both sexes (Moscow, Kaluga, Michurinsk, Tambov). The sample in each age group of the subjects (12-17, 18-30, 31-45, 46-60 years) was about 150 persons of each sex. The gender distribution within the sample was uniform with a slight predominance of females (53.6%). Analysis of the results showed that 58% of those surveyed daily consumed added sugar with hot drinks; of these, 30% of interviewees consumed 1 teaspoon of sugar 2-3 times a day (56-84 kcal per day); 8% of respondents - 4-5 times a day (28-35 g, which corresponded to 112-140 kcal); 6% of the population - 6 or more times a day (42 g or more, more than 168 kcal). Only 22% of the surveyed did not consume sugar with tea and coffee. There was no correlation between BMI, the presence of excessive body weight and the consumption of added sugar with hot drinks. Only frequent intake of added sugar with drinks (2-3 to 4-5 times or more per day) had a statistically determined dependence with an increase in body mass index in the age groups of 31-45 and 46-60 years.