Showing papers in "Wsq: Women's Studies Quarterly in 1970"
TL;DR: Depriving golden shiners of food for 14 days and then resuming feeding for 6 days demonstrated that RNA–DNA ratios change rapidly, the changes being attributed primarily to changes in RNA concentrations.
Abstract: When golden shiners (Notemigonus crysoleucas) were fed at 0, 2, and 6% body weight for 15 days, the mean RNA–DNA ratios for defatted tissues (whole, eviscerated fish) were 2.18, 2.83, and 4.32, res...
272 citations
TL;DR: Pathological changes attributable to cadmium poisoning were observed in the intestinal tract, the kidney, and the gills of Fundulus heteroclitus after exposure to 50 ppm of the metal.
Abstract: Pathological changes attributable to cadmium poisoning were observed in the intestinal tract, the kidney, and the gills of Fundulus heteroclitus after exposure to 50 ppm of the metal. Microscopic examination revealed pathological changes of the intestinal tract as early as 1 hr after exposure, in the kidney after 12 hr, and in the gill filaments and respiratory lamellae after 20 hr. These manifestations of cadmium poisoning bear resemblance to the pathological changes that have been demonstrated clinically and experimentally in mammals.The examination of circulating blood elements revealed rapid and striking changes among cells of the eosinophil lineage. The abundance of eosinophils increased steadily to a level approximately 45% above the usual amount. Indications of the cellular increase occurred as an early rise 4 hr after exposure.A reduction in the relative numbers of mature eosinophils was evident in imprints of head kidney tissue. Nuclear anomalies were associated with the thrombocytes of specimens...
214 citations
TL;DR: Stomachs of young cod were opened at various time intervals after they had voluntarily eaten measured meals and a straight-line relation was found between rate of gastric emptying and quantity of food in the stomach, which implies that in young cod intestinal absorption is coupled to food intake by regulation of the gastric volume.
Abstract: Stomachs of young cod were opened at various time intervals after they had voluntarily eaten measured meals. More digested food left the stomach in the first few hours after the meal was given than...
206 citations
TL;DR: By means of serial slaughter the rate of gastric digestion in yearling sockeye salmon was studied at approximately 3, 5, 10, 15, 20, and 23 C, and the ash-free dry weight was determined and expressed as a fraction of the dry weight of the fish.
Abstract: By means of serial slaughter the rate of gastric digestion in yearling sockeye salmon (30–40 g) was studied at approximately 3, 5, 10, 15, 20, and 23 C, after satiation feeding on Abernathy pellets...
197 citations
TL;DR: Seven blood characteristics — red blood cell count (RBC), hematocrit (Hc), hemoglobin (Hb), plasma chloride (Cl), plasma glutamic oxalacetic transaminase (PGOT, L-aspartate:2-oxoglutarate amino transferase), osmolarity (Os), and total protein (TP) — were measured in brook trout that had been exposed to three concentrations of Cu(II) for 6 and 21 days.
Abstract: Seven blood characteristics — red blood cell count (RBC), hematocrit (Hc), hemoglobin (Hb), plasma chloride (Cl), plasma glutamic oxalacetic transaminase (PGOT, L-aspartate:2-oxoglutarate amino tra...
184 citations
TL;DR: The change in blood oxygen capacity and increase in cardiac output caused significant lowering of the ventilation–perfusion ratio, but the capacity–rate ratio of water to blood varied only a little.
Abstract: The effects of large changes in hemoglobin concentration were studied in rainbow trout in fresh water between 8 and 14 C. Anemia was produced by injecting phenylhydrazine hydrochloride or by replac...
148 citations
TL;DR: Rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) anesthetized with M.S. 222 for periods up to 12 min experience interrenal ascorbate depletion, uremia, and moderate hypercholesterolemia, and significantly reduced the variability in plasma glucose, cholesterol, and cortisol, indicating that the stress of anesthesia with M .S.222 is due to the low pK of the sulfonic acid moiety.
Abstract: Rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) anesthetized with M.S. 222 for periods up to 12 min experience interrenal ascorbate depletion, uremia, and moderate hypercholesterolemia. Anesthesia with neutralized M.S. 222 (pH 7) or benzocaine prevented these changes and significantly reduced the variability in plasma glucose, cholesterol, and cortisol, indicating that the stress of anesthesia with M.S. 222 is due to the low pK of the sulfonic acid moiety.
148 citations
TL;DR: Two previously published experiments are shown to conform to model relationship: recovery of drift density downstream from a blockage in the experiment of Waters (Ecology 46: 327–334, 1965); and distribution of times taken to reg...
Abstract: Stream bottom animals were introduced into a stream by disturbing the gravel at increasing distances upstream from a drift sampler. The relationship between the number of animals arriving at the sampler and distance of origin of the animals was found to be Nx = N0 e−RX where N0 is the number of animals introduced, R is the rate of return to the gravel of the animals, and X is the distance upstream from the sampler. The maximum distance travelled was 45.7 m and the mean distance 10.7 m. The values of R for individual species ranged from 0.0517 to 1.962 and values of the mean distance travelled from 19.3 to 0.5 m. Specific differences could be accounted for by differences in structure or behaviour of the animals.From these observations, a model of stream drift is developed. Two previously published experiments are shown to conform to model relationship: (1) recovery of drift density downstream from a blockage in the experiment of Waters (Ecology 46: 327–334, 1965); and (2) distribution of times taken to reg...
144 citations
TL;DR: It is proposed that changes in liver enzyme activity may be useful as a kind of biochemical autopsy tool for diagnosing sublethal metal poisoning in fish.
Abstract: Activities of five liver enzymes (acid and alkaline phosphatase, catalase, xanthine oxidase, and ribonuclease) from Fundulus heteroclitus surviving exposure to 96-hr TLm concentrations of salts of ...
140 citations
TL;DR: Recovery of mercury added to samples was complete, with good precision, and mercury in the digest is determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry.
Abstract: A simple, rapid method is given for determination in fish of mercury at concentrations measured in parts per million (ppm). Samples are digested at 50–60 C with sulphuric acid and oxidised with per...
139 citations
TL;DR: Habitat distributions of chinook and coho salmon underyearlings in the Big Qualicum River, Vancouver Island, B.C., under controlled flow conditions indicated that at similar sizes their habitat requirements during the first 3 months of stream life were similar, but differences between the species in time of emergence and size evidently resulted in a high degree of spatial segregation.
Abstract: Habitat distributions of chinook and coho salmon underyearlings in the Big Qualicum River, Vancouver Island, B.C., under controlled flow conditions indicated that at similar sizes their habitat req...
TL;DR: Salmon experiencing reciprocal photoperiod had decreased sensitivity to external stimuli, suggesting reduced thyroid activity, and Histological studies in June showed no differences in the appearance of the thyroid glands, suggesting no difference in thyroid activity between groups in natural and reciprocalPhotoperiod.
Abstract: Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) subjected in the spring to a constant photoperiod of 13 hr light/day or to simulated natural photoperiod (increasing day length) smoltified and grew rapidly before and...
TL;DR: Male lobsters responded more frequently to water from a tank with a recently moulted mature female lobster than to water with a nonmoults mature female, and it is possible that moults females release a sex attractant (pheromone).
Abstract: Of 17 amino acids and other organic compounds tested at high concentration, 13 elicited feeding and walking responses in lobsters significantly greater than those elicited by seawater controls, but only 7 of 29 were stimulatory at low concentrations (alanine, beta alanine, glutamic acid, proline, succinic and malic acids, and tyrosine) Fourteen of 15 mixtures of 2–9 amino acids were stimulatory There may have been potentiation in mixtures with cysteine HCl, lysine, glycine HCl, and methionine and antagonism in some with alanine and arginine Freshly prepared seawater extracts of cod, shrimp, and lobster muscle were more stimulatory than any of the compounds or mixturesMale lobsters responded more frequently to water from a tank with a recently moulted mature female lobster than to water from a tank with a nonmoulted mature female or a moulted or a nonmoulted male It is possible that moulted females release a sex attractant (pheromone)
TL;DR: Clear Lake, a small Canadian Shield lake that has been influenced little by human activity, was found to be more productive than expected from chemical and optical properties and geological surroundings, although most of the sodium, potassium, and silica entering the lake is weathered from the terrestrial watershed.
Abstract: Clear Lake, a small Canadian Shield lake that has been influenced little by human activity, was found to be more productive than expected from chemical and optical properties and geological surroun...
TL;DR: The repeated morning returns of theskipjack tuna to Kaula Bank imply that skipjack tuna can navigate and that they have a sense of time.
Abstract: A 50-kHz transmitter was placed in the stomach of a 44-cm (estimated) skipjack tuna, Katsuwonus pelamis, at Kaula Bank, Hawaii. With a few interruptions the fish was tracked from August 30 to Septe...
TL;DR: A positive relationship between growth rate and ribonucleic acid concentration is shown for 24 species, mostly arthropods and microorganisms, and it is suggested that such a relationship might exist also for mammals.
Abstract: A positive relationship between growth rate and ribonucleic acid concentration is shown for 24 species, mostly arthropods and microorganisms. It is suggested that such a relationship might exist also for mammals.
TL;DR: Field and laboratory observations suggest that more than one brood is commonly produced from one mating in the spider crab, Chionoecetes opilio, and the minimum size limit for commercial landings allows some mature males capable of mating to be left on the fishing grounds.
Abstract: Morphometric measurements and gonad examination of the spider crab, Chionoecetes opilio, showed that 50% maturity occurred at about 57 and 50 mm carapace width for males and females, with minimum s...
TL;DR: A comparison of estimates of mean summer primary production at the depths of maximum photosynthesis and daily zooplankton food intake suggested that, at those depths, zoopLankton in Bras d'Or Lake consumed all the average daily production whereas 66% was removed in Morrison's Pond.
Abstract: Feeding and filtration rates of four species of copepods (Pseudocalanus minutus, Temora longicornis, Oithona similis, and Acartia tonsa) from Bras d'Or Lake and Morrison's Pond, Cape Breton Island,...
TL;DR: School organization differed among species at the adult stage; schools of Scomber were typically the most compact and organized; Trachurus and Engraulis schools were intermediate in their organization and Atherinops schools were the least organized.
Abstract: The objective of this study was to describe the organization of schools of the pelagic marine fishes Scomber japonicus, Trachurus symmetricus, Engraulis mordax, Atherinopsis californiensis, and Atherinops affinis. Organization was studied in larval through adult stages by analysis of spatial and angular relations among fish in dorsal photographs of schools.In all species, schools of young fish, larval and juveniles, were typically less compact and showed greater differences in angular headings than did schools of adult fish. The rate at which school structure changed with size varied among species; it was rapid in Scomber and the atherinids and slower in Engraulis and Trachurus. School organization differed among species at the adult stage. Schools of Scomber were typically the most compact and organized; Trachurus and Engraulis schools were intermediate in their organization and Atherinops schools were the least organized.Spatial and angular measurements were also used to develop inferences regarding the...
TL;DR: An analysis of variance model for phytoplankton distribution is described, which allows the partition of the variance of chlorophyll observations into effects due to differences between stations, to Differences between replicate samples at the same station, and to handling and analytical error.
Abstract: An analysis of variance model for phytoplankton distribution is described, which allows the partition of the variance of chlorophyll observations into effects due to differences between stations, t...
TL;DR: At least along the Pacific coast the pattern of variation found within Gasterosteus is exceedingly complex and cannot be accounted for wholly upon any simple explanation in terms of hybridization between leiurus and trachurus.
Abstract: Two kinds of Gasterosteus aculeatus, leiurus and trachurus, are considered species in several streams and lakes in British Columbia. The two sticklebacks may act as species over a much wider range, but at present there is insufficient evidence for firm conclusions. The data of Miller and Hubbs (Copeia 1969: 52–69, 1969) given as evidence for introgression between leiurus and trachurus on the Pacific coast cannot be taken as well established. Should conclusive data for introgression be forthcoming, it would then seem that the two sticklebacks act as species in places and as subspecies in others. At least along the Pacific coast the pattern of variation found within Gasterosteus is exceedingly complex and cannot be accounted for wholly upon any simple explanation in terms of hybridization between leiurus and trachurus. There is evidence that much of the interpopulation variation is a result of adaptation and natural selection — not introgression. It will in fact require much more investigation before we can...
TL;DR: The fatty acids in both phospholipids and triglycerides of one sample of Thysanoessa inermis (Kroyer), although qualitatively similar to those of the M. norvegica lipids, showed a closer quantitative relationship to phytoplankter fatty acids and suggested that this species is herbivorous.
Abstract: The fatty acid compositions of phospholipids and triglycerides from two lots of Meganyctiphanes norvegica (M. Sars), and of total lipids of two additional lots of different origin, showed characteristics commonly found in lipids of carnivorous higher animals such as herring. The fatty acids in both phospholipids and triglycerides of one sample of Thysanoessa inermis (Kroyer), although qualitatively similar to those of the M. norvegica lipids, showed a closer quantitative relationship to phytoplankter fatty acids and suggested that this species is herbivorous. These observations are discussed in terms of biological data on the feeding habits of the animals, and their basic biochemical processes as related to overwintering or other times of food scarcity. The crustacean samples, obtained from the stomachs of fin whales captured off Nova Scotia, had 1.2–2.4% total lipid, with nonsaponifiable materials accounting for 3–5% of the lipids in M. norvegica and 10% in T. inermis. The potential utilization of these ...
TL;DR: Gastric juice of lobster hydrolyzed the following substrates: triolein (enzymic activity: lipase), tributyrin ("lipase"), Azocoll(R) (proteinase), TAME and BAEE ("trypsin"), ATEE ("chymotrypsin), HPLA ("carboxypeptidase A"), DNA (deoxyribonuclease), RNA (ribonUClease), p-nitrophenyl-ph
Abstract: Gastric juice of lobster hydrolyzed the following substrates: triolein (enzymic activity: lipase), tributyrin ("lipase"), Azocoll(R) (proteinase), TAME and BAEE ("trypsin"), ATEE ("chymotrypsin"), HPLA ("carboxypeptidase A"), DNA (deoxyribonuclease), RNA (ribonuclease), p-nitrophenyl-phosphate (phosphatase), and p-nitrophenyl-N-acetyl-β-glucosaminide (chitobiase). (The quotation marks signify that the substrate specificities are typical of the quoted enzymes of mammalian or microbial origin. The spectra of specificities, however, of these enzymes and the corresponding enzymes of lobster are not necessarily identical.) Very low activities were found against RBB-starch (amylase) p-nitro-phenyl-α-(and β)-glucopyranoside(α- and β-glucosidase), p-nitrophenyl-β-galactopyranoside (β-galactosidase), and chitin azure (chitinase). No activities corresponding to phospholipase (lecithin), carboxypeptidase B (benzoylglycyl-L-arginine), elastase, glycylglycine dipeptidase, or leucine aminopeptidase were found.Gel filtr...
TL;DR: External receptors located in the snout region of Atlantic salmon parr are innervated by the facial nerve and are differentially sensitive to several chloride salts, but are also sensitive to mineral and organic acids but insensitive to uncharged molecules such as neutral amino acids and simple sugars.
Abstract: External receptors located in the snout region of Atlantic salmon parr are innervated by the facial nerve and are differentially sensitive to several chloride salts (NaCl = KCl > MgCl2 > CaCl2). They are also sensitive to mineral and organic acids but insensitive to uncharged molecules such as neutral amino acids and simple sugars.The palatine organ containing taste buds situated on the roof of the mouth is sensitive to strongly ionized as well as uncharged molecules.The two classes of receptors differ in temporal patterns of discharge and in their susceptibility to the blocking agents Hg++ and Pb++ and the potentiating agent Cu++.Salmon parr can detect Hg++ in concentrations lower than other divalent cations as judged electrophysiologically; food pellets treated with dilute solutions of Hg++ are rejected by the fish.As chain length increases in the aliphatic acid series the compounds become increasingly stimulatory as measured by nerve discharges in the palatine nerve.Inert carriers treated with aliphati...
TL;DR: Of eelgrass populations sampled from southeast Alaska to Bering Strait, those in Kinzarof and Izembek lagoons on the Alaska Peninsula had the highest standing stocks and that in Calder Bay in southeast Alaska had the lowest and the differences appeared to be related to local conditions rather than a large geographical gradient.
Abstract: Of eelgrass populations sampled from southeast Alaska to Bering Strait, those in Kinzarof and Izembek lagoons on the Alaska Peninsula had the highest standing stocks (mean, 1510 g dry wt/m2) and th...
TL;DR: Three invertebrate species were subjected to acute (96-hr), followed by long-term (6-week) copper exposures under continuous-flow bioassay conditions, and survival, growth, reproduction, and feeding were the responses used for measuring toxicant effects.
Abstract: Three invertebrate species were subjected to acute (96-hr), followed by long-term (6-week) copper exposures under continuous-flow bioassay conditions. Survival, growth, reproduction, and feeding were the responses used for measuring toxicant effects. The average 96-hr median tolerance limits (TLm) values for Campeloma decisum, Physa integra, and Gammarus pseudolimnaeus were 1.7, 0.039, and 0.020 mg/liter total copper, respectively. The total copper concentration having no effect after 6 weeks exposure for all three species was between 8.0 and 14.8 μg/liter. The newly hatched amphipods obtained from the second 6-week study were exposed to copper for 9 additional weeks, and grew to the adult stage only in copper concentrations ≤ 4.6 μg/liter. After 5 weeks exposure to a water system, survival of newly hatched Gammarus was markedly reduced when copper concentrations were between 12.9 and 6.2 μg/liter.
TL;DR: None of several samplers compared in limited tests in Lake Ontario gave realistic estimates of benthos in all substrates encountered, and there were indications that the tall Ekman grab was either not tall enough or too heavily weighted for use in soft sediments and that a small improvement in design could make both this an improvement.
Abstract: None of several samplers compared in limited tests in Lake Ontario gave realistic estimates of benthos in all substrates encountered. The Ponar and Shipek grabs, the only samplers that functioned i...
TL;DR: The use of a high frequency echo sounder and a midwater trawl in Babine Lake, British Columbia, in 1967 revealed a precise diel vertical movement of underyearling sockeye salmon.
Abstract: The use of a high frequency echo sounder and a midwater trawl in Babine Lake, British Columbia, in 1967 revealed a precise diel vertical movement of underyearling sockeye salmon. From early July to September, from about 1.5 hr after sunrise to 1.5 hr before sunset, the young sockeye were in two distinct layers at about 20 and 35 m, each layer about 6 m thick. About 1.5 hr before sunset the two layers began to ascend. About 0.5 hr after sunset all fish were within 3 m of the surface, and during darkness they were dispersed throughout the top 5–15 m with most fish being below the thermocline. Soon after the first light of dawn the fish usually tended to move toward the lake surface and then descended rapidly to the daytime depths.By early October the pattern had changed markedly. During daylight the fish were still found in roughly two layers at about 24 and 40 m. However, the evening ascent did not commence until about 0.5 hr before sunset, the ascent was much slower, and the fish did not come to the surfa...
TL;DR: Hydrodynamic analysis provides estimates of the pressure losses as the water passes through the gill spaces, and of the resistance force that must be overcome by the swimming muscles.
Abstract: Some species of fish use "ram ventilation" to pass water over the gills while swimming. Hydrodynamic analysis provides estimates of the pressure losses as the water passes through the gill spaces, ...
TL;DR: The results indicate that beyond local effects, the Strait of Georgia is comparable in productivity to other nearshore waters at the same latitude.
Abstract: Data have been accumulated on seasonal levels of nutrients, primary production, and zooplankton. The occurrence and abundance of larval fish in the surface layers have been reported together with an approximate estimate of the standing stock of commercially exploited fish. The results indicate that beyond local effects, the Strait of Georgia is comparable in productivity to other nearshore waters at the same latitude. The total primary productivity of the waters was found to be approximately 120 g C/m2 per year, but a high degree of areal patchiness in all production data emphasizes the necessity of basing predictions about particular subareas on knowledge specific to the subareas in question.