Zoology 

TL;DR: It is discussed that sialic acids evolvement may have stimulated evolution and rendered organisms less vulnerable to environmental attacks, however, disturbance of their metabolism may cause diseases.

TL;DR: The issues in inter-species interactions are outlined, two case studies illuminating the necessity of interfacial research when addressing complex and fundamental zoological problems are presented, and it is shown that an interdisciplinary approach that seeks to understand co-evolved multi-species relationships will connect genomes, phenotypes, ecosystems and the evolutionary forces that have shaped them.

TL;DR: It is argued that this issue can be approached by asking two key questions: is the animal physically healthy and does the animal have what it wants?

TL;DR: For example, the dominant grazers, calanoid copepods and krill (Euphausiacea), have developed fascinating solutions for successful overwintering at higher latitudes.