Journal ArticleDOI
A <i>Q</i>-Learning-Based Topology-Aware Routing Protocol for Flying <i>Ad Hoc</i> Networks
TLDR
In this article , the authors proposed a learning-based topology-aware routing (QTAR) protocol for FANETs to provide reliable combinations between the source and destination.Abstract:
Flying <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">ad hoc</i> networks (FANETs) have emanated over the last few years for numerous civil and military applications. Owing to underlying attributes, such as a dynamic topology, node mobility in 3-D space, and the limited energy of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), a routing protocol for FANETs is challenging to design. Exiting topology-based routing is unsuitable for highly dynamic FANETs. Location-based routing protocols can be preferred for FANETs owing to their scalability, but are based on one-hop neighbor information and do not contemplate the reachability of further appropriate nodes for forwarding. Owing to the rapid mobility of UAVs, the topology frequently changes; thus, some route entries in the routing table can become invalid and the next-hop nodes may be unavailable before a timeout. That is, the routing decision based on one-hop neighbors cannot assure a successful delivery. In this study, we propose a novel <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$Q$ </tex-math></inline-formula> -learning-based topology-aware routing (QTAR) protocol for FANETs to provide reliable combinations between the source and destination. The proposed QTAR improves the routing decision by considering two-hop neighbor nodes, extending the local view of the network topology. With the <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${Q}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> -learning technique, QTAR adaptively adjusts the routing decision according to the network condition. Our simulation results reveal that QTAR outstrips the existing routing protocols in respect of various performance metrics under distinct scenarios. read more
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
Wireless Power Transfer in Wirelessly Powered Sensor Networks: A Review of Recent Progress
TL;DR: In this study, an in-depth survey is conducted on the wireless power transfer techniques through which sensor devices can harvest energy to avoid frequent node failures and key performance-enhancing techniques for WPT in WPSNs are discussed.
Journal ArticleDOI
Survey on Q-Learning-Based Position-Aware Routing Protocols in Flying Ad Hoc Networks
TL;DR: This article rigorously address dynamic topology, mobility models, and the relationship between QL and routing in FANETs, and extensively review the existing QL-based position-aware routing protocols along with their advantages and limitations.
Journal ArticleDOI
An Intelligent Cluster-Based Routing Scheme in 5G Flying Ad Hoc Networks
TL;DR: A deep Q-network (DQN)-based vertical routing scheme to select routes with higher residual energy levels and lower mobility rates across network planes to increase network lifetime and reduce the rate of link breakages is proposed.
Journal ArticleDOI
Intelligent Hello Dissemination Model for FANET Routing Protocols
TL;DR: In this paper , an intelligent Hello dissemination model based on reinforcement learning algorithms is proposed to produce a dense reward structure, and facilitate the network learning in flying ad-hoc networks (FANETs).
Journal ArticleDOI
PROACT: Parallel Multi-Miner Proof of Accumulated Trust Protocol for Internet of Drones
TL;DR: In this article , the authors proposed a model that enables a drone to store the important data that it requires during its flight within a lightweight blockchain system, which decreases the time needed to add transactions securely to the blockchain and meets the requirements of delay-sensitive applications.
References
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Proceedings ArticleDOI
GPSR: greedy perimeter stateless routing for wireless networks
Brad Karp,Hsiang-Tsung Kung +1 more
TL;DR: Greedy Perimeter Stateless Routing is presented, a novel routing protocol for wireless datagram networks that uses the positions of routers and a packet's destination to make packet forwarding decisions and its scalability on densely deployed wireless networks is demonstrated.
Journal ArticleDOI
Joint Trajectory and Communication Design for Multi-UAV Enabled Wireless Networks
Qingqing Wu,Yong Zeng,Rui Zhang +2 more
TL;DR: In this paper, the minimum throughput over all ground users in the downlink communication was maximized by optimizing the multiuser communication scheduling and association jointly with the UAV's trajectory and power control.
Journal ArticleDOI
Low-Altitude Unmanned Aerial Vehicles-Based Internet of Things Services: Comprehensive Survey and Future Perspectives
TL;DR: A comprehensive survey on the UAVs and the related issues will be introduced, the envisioned UAV-based architecture for the delivery of Uav-based value-added IoT services from the sky will be introduction, and the relevant key challenges and requirements will be presented.
Journal ArticleDOI
QELAR: A Machine-Learning-Based Adaptive Routing Protocol for Energy-Efficient and Lifetime-Extended Underwater Sensor Networks
Tiansi Hu,Yunsi Fei +1 more
TL;DR: This paper proposes an adaptive, energy-efficient, and lifetime-aware routing protocol based on reinforcement learning, QELAR, which aims at prolonging the lifetime of networks by making residual energy of sensor nodes more evenly distributed.
Journal ArticleDOI
A survey on position-based routing protocols for Flying Ad hoc Networks (FANETs)
TL;DR: A comprehensive survey of position-based routing protocols for FANETs with their various categories is proposed, including a classification and a taxonomy of these protocols, and a detailed description of the routing schemes used in each category.
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