Q2. What was the breadth of industry represented?
The breadth of industry represented was substantial, including coal, oil, automobiles, electric utilities, cement, aluminum, steel, chemicals, and paper.
Q3. How many companies joined the Pew Center immediately?
Thirteen companies joined immediately, including BP, Toyota, Boeing, Enron, United Technologies, American Electric Power, Whirlpool, and 3M.
Q4. What is the role of actors in the field stabilization process?
Actors seek to build coalitions of firms, governmental agencies, NGOs, and intellectuals who can establish policies, norms, and institutions that structure the field in particular ways.
Q5. What are the pitfalls of applying Gramscian theory to contemporary phenomena?
Both capitalism and social theory have evolved since the 1920s, and the authors need to be aware of the pitfalls of applying Gramscian theory to contemporary phenomena.
Q6. How does the neo-gramscian framework link agency and dynamics?
Their neo-Gramscian framework links agency and dynamics by viewing institutional fields as fragmented and overlapping rather than monolithic entities with clear boundaries.
Q7. What is the key strategy of the GCC in its opposition to mandatory emission controls?
On the discursive level, a key strategy of the GCC in its opposition to mandatory emission controls has been to challenge the science of climate change, pointing to the lack of consensus among scientists and highlighting the uncertainties.
Q8. Why are state managers likely to protect business interests?
State managers are likely to protect business interests not just because of their structural dependence on business for tax revenues, employment, and investment (Block, 1987), but also because state managers have internalized the goal of promoting 'competitiveness' (Cerny, 1997; Gill, 1995).
Q9. What is the purpose of the neo-Gramscian framework?
The neo-Gramscian perspective draws insights from other theoretical approaches, but offers a particular contribution to institutional theory by presenting a framework which addresses some of the tensions of the agency-structure relationship, provides a concept of ideology that avoids problems of elitism and essentialism, and incorporates dynamics endogenously Moreover, the neo-Gramscian framework presents a strategic notion of power which suggests how actors can gain at least partial comprehension of and influence over complex social and political systems.
Q10. How did the European Commission propose to reduce emissions from new cars?
The European Commission introduced a proposal to reduce average C 0 2 emissions from new cars from 186 g/km to 120 g/km by 2005 (equivalent to about 45 mpg).
Q11. What are the main reasons why the BCSE has attracted larger companies?
however, it has attracted larger companies engaged in natural gas and electronic controls, including Honeywell, Enron, and Maytag.
Q12. Why did the study include a substantial proportion of industry revenues?
Due to the degree of industry concentration and the inclusion of some of the largest companies, the study encompassed a substantial proportion of industry revenues, mitigating somewhat the problem of small sample size.
Q13. What do they argue about the challenge to the IPCC?
Levy and Egan (1998) argue that the challenge had little impact on the international negotiations because the IPCC institutions had already secured a degree of autonomy and legitimacy in the international process.
Q14. What is the argument that the GCC's efforts to challenge the science were miscalcul?
The document argued that this stance was miscalculated because a successful campaign to challenge the science 'puts the United States in a stronger moral position and frees its negotiators from the need to make concessions as a defense against perceived selfish economic concerns'.
Q15. What is the meaning of'markets as politics'?
Fligstein (1 996) uses the 'markets as politics' metaphor as a conceptual tool for analysing internal battles for corporate control as well as external market competition, while Granovetter (1985) sees economic institutions as embedded in broader political structures.
Q16. What is the framework for understanding corporate political strategy?
(1 97 1, p. 182)In the following section, the authors develop a framework for understanding corporate political strategy that draws from Gramsci's core ideas and from more contemporary theoretical perspectives, such as institutional theory.
Q17. What is the importance of projecting moral and intellectual leadership in sustaining hegemony?
The importance of projecting moral and intellectual leadership in sustaining hegemony is reflected in the American Petroleum Institute's (AH) opposition to the GCC's decision in 1997 to downplay the role of climate science.
Q18. What are the main reasons why incumbents are hesitant to invest in low-emission technologies?
R&D investments by incumbents appear highly risky because of uncertainties regarding climate science, regulatory responses, and the market potential for lowemission technologies.