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A Theory of Human Motivation
Abstract:
1. The integrated wholeness of the organism must be one of the foundation stones of motivation theory. 2. The hunger drive (or any other physiological drive) was rejected as a centering point or model for a definitive theory of motivation. Any drive that is somatically based and localizable was shown to be atypical rather than typical in human motivation. 3. Such a theory should stress and center itself upon ultimate or basic goals rather than partial or superficial ones, upon ends rather than means to these ends. Such a stress would imply a more central place for unconscious than for conscious motivations. 4. There are usually available various cultural paths to the same goal. Therefore conscious, specific, local-cultural desires are not as fundamental in motivation theory as the more basic, unconscious goals. 5. Any motivated behavior, either preparatory or consummatory, must be understood to be a channel through which many basic needs may be simultaneously expressed or satisfied. Typically an act has more than one motivation. 6. Practically all organismic states are to be understood as motivated and as motivating. 7. Human needs arrange themselves in hierarchies of prepotency. That is to say, the appearance of one need usually rests on the prior satisfaction of another, more pre-potent need. Man is a perpetually wanting animal. Also no need or drive can be treated as if it were isolated or discrete; every drive is related to the state of satisfaction or dissatisfaction of other drives. 8. Lists of drives will get us nowhere for various theoretical and practical reasons. Furthermore any classification of motivationsread more
Citations
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The "What" and "Why" of Goal Pursuits: Human Needs and the Self-Determination of Behavior
Edward L. Deci,Richard M. Ryan +1 more
TL;DR: Self-Determination Theory (SDT) as mentioned in this paper maintains that an understanding of human motivation requires a consideration of innate psychological needs for competence, autonomy, and relatedness, emphasizing that needs specify the necessary conditions for psychological growth, integrity, and well-being.
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A three-component conceptualization of organizational commitment
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Employee reactions to job characteristics.
References
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Book
New Introductory Lectures on Psycho-Analysis
TL;DR: Freud published his "New Introductory Lectures on Psychoanalysis" in 1933, the year in which the Nazis publicly burned his books in Berlin this paper, and applied his analytical method to such phenomena as telepathy and communism, among a number of indirect relevance to psychoanalysis.
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The Ego and the Mechanisms of Defence
TL;DR: In this paper, the ego wards off unpleasure and anxiety, and exercises control over impulsive behavior, affects, and instinctive urges, in psychoanalytic psychology.
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Explorations in Personality
Henry A. Murray,Dan P. McAdams +1 more
TL;DR: McAdams as mentioned in this paper proposed a theory of personality for the first time in his book "Proposals for a Theory of Personality: Childhood Events and Variables of Personality" and made judgments of personality.
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The "What" and "Why" of Goal Pursuits: Human Needs and the Self-Determination of Behavior
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