Allelopathic Potential of Clerodendrum viscosum Vent. in Relation to Germination and Seedling Growth of Weeds
TL;DR: As the leaves of Clerodendrum form the most consistent source of the natural chemical retardant, these are analysed and the presence of a terpene compound (clerodin) has been suspected in carrying out the allelopathic effect.
Abstract: Summary The activity of decaying plant-parts of Clerodendrum Viscosum and field soils collected beneath Clerodendrum plants have been studied on the seed germination and root and hypocotyl growth of five weeds, viz. Abutilon indicum, Amaranthus spinos, Cassia Sophera, C. tora and Tephrosia hamiltonii . Germination inhibitions are almost uniform in soil samples of both July and December, although the root and hypocotyl growth of A. spinosus is adversely affected by the December soil collection and similar growth of Abutilon indicum and T. hamiltonii strongly inhibited by underground soils of the season. Decaying roots seem to be most inhibitory among the three plant-parts. While no inhibition to A. indicum and C. tora results from mixing decaying leaves and stems with soil, there is inhibition to C. Sophera from the admixture of either plant material and T. hamiltonii from leaf/soil mixture and not stem/soil mixture. As the leaves of Clerodendrum form the most consistent source of the natural chemical retardant, these are analysed and the presence of a terpene compound (clerodin) has been suspected in carrying out the allelopathic effect.
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TL;DR: The traditional (ethnobotanical) uses and pharmacological activities displayed by C. infortunatum are discussed, revealing various pharmacological properties exhibited by the plant such as antimicrobial, antioxidant, analgesic, wound healing, antivenom, hepatoprotective, anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, anthelmintic, insecticidal, thrombolytic and cytotoxic activities.
Abstract: Ethnobotany is the scientific study concerned with the study of relationship between plants and man, in particular, how people use their traditional knowledge with respect to utilization of plant resources for their wellbeing. Plants have been extensively used since time immemorial as an indispensible source such as food, fodder, medicine, dyes, flavoring agents and for construction purposes. The genus Clerodendrum is one of the largest plant genera, belongs to the family Lamiaceae and encompasses herbs, shrubs and trees distributed worldwide. Clerodendrum infortunatum L. (synonym Clerodendrum viscosum Vent.) is one among the important species of the genus Clerodendrum. In the present review, we discuss the traditional (ethnobotanical) uses and pharmacological activities displayed by C. infortunatum. An extensive literature survey revealed that various parts of C. infortunatum are used traditionally by various indigenous communities as green salad, as an ingredient in local wine and to treat ailments or disorders such as headache, toothache, rheumatism, swelling, skin diseases, fever, diabetes, malaria, burns, tumor and epilepsy. Literatures revealed various pharmacological properties exhibited by the plant such as antimicrobial, antioxidant, analgesic, wound healing, antivenom, hepatoprotective, anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, anthelmintic, insecticidal, thrombolytic and cytotoxic activities.
Keywords: Clerodendrum infortunatum L., Lamiaceae, Ethnobotany, Phytochemistry, Pharmacological activities
7 citations
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01 Jan 2012
TL;DR: Level of insoluble carbohydrate and protein as well as activities of dehydrogenase and catalase enzymes were significantly reduced and soluble carbohydrate level aswell as activity of IAA-oxidase enzyme was significantly increased in seed samples pretreated with leaf extracts and leaf leachates of Cassia.
Abstract: Cassia occidentalis was analyzed to evaluate the existence of allelopathic effect using fully viable seeds of mustard seeds (Brassica campestris L.) as bioassay material. The present study shows that mustard seeds pretreatment with various concentrations [1:5 and 1:10(w/v)] of Cassia occidentalis fresh leaf extracts and dry leaf leachates strongly reduced the percentage and speed of seed germination and TTC-stainability. Soluble carbohydrate and amino acid levels were rapidly increased in the leachates of seeds pretreated with Cassia leaf extracts and leaf leachates. Levels of insoluble carbohydrate and protein as well as activities of dehydrogenase and catalase enzymes were significantly reduced and soluble carbohydrate level as well as activity of IAA-oxidase enzyme was significantly increased in seed samples pretreated with leaf extracts and leaf leachates of Cassia. Existence of allelopathic effect of the plant species Cassia was confirmed from the reliable physiological and biochemical data of the present investigation.
2 citations
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TL;DR: A growing number of reviews and outlines on particular topics are collected in symposium reports and similar volumes; they recently treat mosaics of plant communities (TUXEN, 19 78a), vegetation and climate (DIERSCHKE, 1977), vegetation on wet sites of inland areas (DYKYJOVa and KVET, 1978; GEHU, 1978a; GOOD et al., 1978) and of coastal regions (CHAPMAN, 1977; CLARK, 1977, portions of Africa (WERGER, 1978) as mentioned in this paper ).
Abstract: Beside the articles in scientific journals and the monographs within publication series covering most of the original progress in vegetation science, a growing number of reviews and outlines on particular topics are collected in symposium reports and similar volumes; they recently treat mosaics of plant communities (TUXEN, 19 78a), vegetation and climate (DIERSCHKE, 1977), vegetation on wet sites of inland areas (DYKYJOVa and KVET, 1978; GEHU, 1978a; GOOD et al., 1978) and of coastal regions (CHAPMAN, 1977; CLARK, 1977), portions of Africa (WERGER, 1978) and some other fields mentioned later. Systematic and complete texts on ample fields can be attained in volumes by single experienced authors. One example is the volume on the vegetation of central Europe including the Alps by ELLENBERG (1978), emphasizing in the new revised edition physiologic-ecologic processes within vegetation. The amplified integration of vegetation science in university curricula is reflected by the highly augmented parts on vegetation (EHRENDORFER, 1978) in the new edition of the well-known botany textbook of Strasburger. A new Russian textbook (RABOTNOV, 19 78a) accentuates coenologic aspects within vegetation (also RABOTNOV, 1978b), whereas the work of DAUBENMIRE (1978) refers mainly to North America. Numerical considerations continue to be frequently published in books of mostly limited size (e.g., FRENKIEL and GOODALL, 1978; INNIS, 1978; ORLOCI, 1978; DE WIT and GOUDRIAAN, 1978). The central position of vegetation science in nature conservation is documented in the texts of BOHN et al. (1978), GODWIN (1978), HILLESHEIM-KIMMEL et al. (1978), LONDO (1977), and TRAUTMANN et al. (1978). The increasing amount of publications and information makes bibliographies on particular fields of vegetation science more and more indispensable, representing recent root studies in vegetation (TUXEN and WILMANNS, 1978), paleosociology (TUXEN and WOJTERSKA, 1979), syntaxonomy (TUXEN et al., 1979), hydrology in plant communities (TUXEN and GROOTJANS, 1978; also TUXEN, 1978e), symphytosociology (TUXEN, 1978f), vegetational productivity (KNAPP and TUXEN, 1979), dynamics and reproduction in vegetation (KNAPP, 1978a, 1979a), plant communities of bryophytes (VON HUBSCHMANN and TUXEN, 19 78) and in bogs (TUXEN, 1978d). A series of bibliographies collects the literature on several countries (France: GEHU et al., 1978; India: MEHER-HOMJI and GUPTA, 1978; outline on Yemen: HEPPER, 1977; Senegal, Mauretania, Mali, Upper Volta, Chad, East Africa: KNAPP, 1979a; Chile: RAMIREZ, 1979).
2 citations
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TL;DR: Among the two Clerodendrum species, C. viscosum exhibits stronger allelopathic and antimitotic effect than C. inerme; while, mitotic aberrations are not observed in Cicer.
Abstract: Allelopathic effects of aqueous leaf extracts of Clerodendrum inerme Gaertn. and Clerodendrum viscosum Vent. are investigated in Cicer arietinum L. and Lathyrus sativus L. using various parameters related to germination (germination frequency, mean germination time, speed of germination and germination rate index), seedling growth (radical and plumule length) and cytological (mitotic index and aberration frequency) consequences. The germination frequency is unaffected, although the speed of germination is delayed in comparison to controls. The seedling growth, however, is significantly affected and the inhibition is pronounced with an increase in duration of treatment. The crop species, Cicer and Lathyrus show reduced mitotic activity following treatment with Clerodendrum extracts. Among the two Clerodendrum species, C. viscosum exhibits stronger allelopathic and antimitotic effect than C. inerme. Both the Clerodendrum extracts manifest its genotoxic potential in Lathyrus only; while, mitotic aberrations are not observed in Cicer.
1 citations
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TL;DR: Putative allelochemical-induced inhibitory effect, reduction of seed germinability along with stimulation of amylase activity in seeds, being the important allelopathic indices, are concluded that M. leucadendron can potentially render allelopathy action on the experimental bioassay material.
Abstract: An attempt was made to evaluate the allelopathic potential of an exotic tree species,Melaleuca leucadendron L. using mung bean (Vigna radiata L.) seeds as responsive bioassay material. This was recorded in terms of the plant extract and plant leachate-induced changes of seed germination behaviour, the levels of DNA and RNA as well as amylase activity in the seed kernels. The results of the present investigation clearly revealed that pretreatment of mung bean seeds with various concentrations [1:1 and 1:2 (w/v)] of M. leucadendron bark extract, leaf extract and leaf leachates for 24 h duration, significantly reduced percentage seed germination and increased the T50 hours. Levels of DNA and RNA were also significantly reduced with concomitant increase of amylase activity in mung bean seed samples pretreated with the bark extract, leaf extract and leaf leachates of M. leucadendron. Tender bark extract and leaf extract showed more inhibitory action on mung bean seed than leaf leachates. Putative allelochemical-induced inhibitory effect, that is, reduction of seed germinability along with stimulation of amylase activity in seeds, being the important allelopathic indices, it can be concluded that M. leucadendron can potentially render allelopathic action on the experimental bioassay material.
Key words: Allelopathic potential, Melaleuca leucadendron, mung bean, seed germination, DNA and RNA levels, amylase activity.
Cites background from "Allelopathic Potential of Clerodend..."
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References
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TL;DR: Plant/plant chemical interactions have been well recognized in commercial agriculture and form the basis of many common agricultural practices and are currently being utilized in modern plant science in the development of bioassay systems for detecting growth regulators.
Abstract: Substances potentially involved in allelopathy are liberated from plants by (a) leaching of foliage by rain, (b) abscission and litter fall, (c) volatilization from foliage, and (d) root exudation. Substances, including metabolites such as mineral nutrients, carbohydrates, amino and organic acids, and growth regulators, can be leached from a wide variety of plants by rain and dew, and the quantity and quality of losses are affected by a great number of both external and internal factors. Materials leached from one plant may have an influence upon the development of the same or other adjacent plants. Plant/plant chemical interactions have been well recognized in commercial agriculture and, in fact, form the basis of many common agricultural practices. They are currently being utilized in modern plant science in the development of bioassay systems for detecting growth regulators, the use of rootstocks to influence the growth and development of scions, in detection and eradication of diseases, and in fruit storage and ripening.
135 citations
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TL;DR: It is suggested that the spacing and patterning of grassland species and soil microflora in and about colonies of S. leucophylla result from the inhibiting effects on young cells produced by the volatile materials emanating from leaves of the shrub.
Abstract: Volatile materials emanating from leaves of Salvia leucophylla (Labiatae) reduce cell elongation and cell division in radicles and hypocotyls of germinating Cucumis sativus seeds. There is also an accumulation of globules, probably fats or oils, in these root cells. The volatile materials also inhibit the growth of some soil bacteria. It is suggested that the spacing and patterning of grassland species and soil microflora in and about colonies of S. leucophylla result from the inhibiting effects on young cells produced by the volatile materials emanating from leaves of the shrub. These volatiles are largely terpenes.
69 citations
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TL;DR: It is conielude that the phytotoxins are leached from the straw by the first rains of the growing season and are carried from the Straw to the soil where they inhibit species with susceptible seeds or seedlinigs, e.g., Centaqtrea melitensis anid Silybunt marianum.
Abstract: TINNIN, R. O., anid C. H. MULLER (Uniiv. of Calif., Santa Barbara). The allelopathic inifluenee of Avena fatua: The allelopathic mechanism. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 99: 287292. 1972.-The allelopathic mechanism associated with the straw of Avena fatua was inivestigated by bioassay and greenihouse experiments. Water leachates from the straw contained a group of phytotoxic pheniolic compounds. These compounids were inihibitory to germinationi anid seedlinig growth of other plant species in soil and are thought to be part of the toxic complex which is active in the field. We conielude that the phytotoxins are leached from the straw by the first rains of the growing season and are carried from the straw to the soil where they inhibit species with susceptible seeds or seedlinigs, e.g., Centaqtrea melitensis anid Silybunt marianum.
47 citations
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