Journal ArticleDOI
American universities and technical advance in industry
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In this paper, the authors identify the distinctive strengths and limitations of university research and argue that industry is more effective in dealing with problems that are located close to the market place and that new policies will need to respect this division of labor.About:
This article is published in Research Policy.The article was published on 1994-05-01. It has received 1347 citations till now.read more
Citations
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The dynamics of innovation: from national systems and "Mode" 2 to a triple helix of university-industry-government relations.
Henry Etzkowitz,Loet Leydesdorff +1 more
TL;DR: In this article, the Triple Helix of university-industry-government relations is compared with alternative models for explaining the current research system in its social contexts, and the authors suggest that university research may function increasingly as a locus in the "laboratory" of knowledge-intensive network transitions.
The dynamics of innovation: from National Systems and
Henry Etzkowitz,Loet Leydesdorff +1 more
TL;DR: In this paper, the Triple Helix of university-industry-government relations is compared with alternative models for explaining the current research system in its social contexts, where the institutional layer can be considered as the retention mechanism of a developing system.
Journal ArticleDOI
Links and Impacts: The Influence of Public Research on Industrial R&D
TL;DR: The results indicate that the key channels through which university research impacts industrial R&D include published papers and reports, public conferences and meetings, informal information exchange, and consulting, which are disproportionately greater for larger firms as well as start-ups.
Posted Content
The Determinants of National Innovative Capacity
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present an empirical examination of the determinants of country-level production of international patents and introduce a novel framework based on the concept of national innovative capacity, the ability of a country to produce and commercialize a flow of innovative technology over the long term.
Journal ArticleDOI
The determinants of national innovative capacity
TL;DR: In this article, the authors introduce a novel framework based on the concept of national innovative capacity, which is the ability of a country to produce and commercialize a flow of innovative technology over the long term.
References
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Book
The Sciences of the Artificial
TL;DR: A new edition of Simon's classic work on artificial intelligence as mentioned in this paper adds a chapter that sorts out the current themes and tools for analyzing complexity and complex systems, taking into account important advances in cognitive psychology and the science of design while confirming and extending Simon's basic thesis that a physical symbol system has the necessary and sufficient means for intelligent action.
Journal ArticleDOI
Appropriating the Returns from Industrial Research and Development
Richard C. Levin,Alvin K. Klevorick,Richard R. Nelson,Sidney G. Winter,Richard Gilbert,Zvi Griliches +5 more
TL;DR: A patent confers, in theory, perfect appropriability (monopoly of the invention) for a limited time in return for a public benefit as mentioned in this paper, however, the benefits consumers derive from an innovation, however, are increased if competitors can imitate and improve on the innovation to ensure its availability on favorable terms.
Journal ArticleDOI
Academic research and industrial innovation
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors estimate the extent to which technological innovations in various industries have been based on recent academic research, and the time lags between the investment in academic research projects and the industrial utilization of their findings.
Book
Science the Endless Frontier
TL;DR: The Endless Frontier is recognized as the landmark argument for the essential role of science in society and government's responsibility to support scientific endeavors as discussed by the authors, and it remains vital in making the case that scientific progress is necessary to a nation's health, security, and prosperity.
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