Journal ArticleDOI
Links and Impacts: The Influence of Public Research on Industrial R&D
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The results indicate that the key channels through which university research impacts industrial R&D include published papers and reports, public conferences and meetings, informal information exchange, and consulting, which are disproportionately greater for larger firms as well as start-ups.Abstract:
In this paper, we use data from the Carnegie Mellon Survey on industrial R&D to evaluate for the U.S. manufacturing sector the influence of ?public?(i.e., university and government R&D lab) research on industrial R&D, the role that public research plays in industrial R&D, and the pathways through which that effect is exercised. We find that public research is critical to industrial R&D in a small number of industries and importantly affects industrial R&D across much of the manufacturing sector. Contrary to the notion that university research largely generates new ideas for industrial R&D projects, the survey responses demonstrate that public research both suggests new R&D projects and contributes to the completion of existing projects in roughly equal measure overall. The results also indicate that the key channels through which university research impacts industrial R&D include published papers and reports, public conferences and meetings, informal information exchange, and consulting. We also finnd that, after controlling for industry, the influence of public research on industrial R&D is disproportionately greater for larger firms as well as start-ups.read more
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TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present a systematic review of research on academic scientists' involvement in collaborative research, contract research, consulting and informal relationships for university-industry knowledge transfer, which they refer as academic engagement.
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University–industry relationships and open innovation: Towards a research agenda
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References
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TL;DR: The functional source of innovation general patterns economic explanation shifting and predicting the sources of innovation innovation as a distributed process is discussed in this paper, where users as innovators are considered as the innovators.
Journal ArticleDOI
Appropriating the Returns from Industrial Research and Development
Richard C. Levin,Alvin K. Klevorick,Richard R. Nelson,Sidney G. Winter,Richard Gilbert,Zvi Griliches +5 more
TL;DR: A patent confers, in theory, perfect appropriability (monopoly of the invention) for a limited time in return for a public benefit as mentioned in this paper, however, the benefits consumers derive from an innovation, however, are increased if competitors can imitate and improve on the innovation to ensure its availability on favorable terms.
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Real Effects of Academic Research
TL;DR: In this article, the existence of geographically mediated "spillovers" from university research to commercial innovation is explored using state-level time-series data on corporate patents, corporate R&D, and university research.
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The Search for R&D Spillovers
TL;DR: This article reviewed the empirical evidence for R&D spillovers and concluded that they are a major source of endogenous growth in various recent "New Growth Theory" models, and that they should be investigated further.
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Protecting Their Intellectual Assets: Appropriability Conditions and Why U.S. Manufacturing Firms Patent (or Not)
TL;DR: In a survey of 1478 R&D labs in the U.S. manufacturing sector in 1994, the authors found that firms typically protect the profits due to invention with a range of mechanisms, including patents, secrecy, lead time advantages and the use of complementary marketing and manufacturing capabilities.