Journal ArticleDOI
An approximate formula for the calculation of the horizontal electric field from lightning at close, intermediate, and long range
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In this paper, the authors present an approximate formula to calculate the horizontal electric field from lightning that is applicable for close, intermediate, and long distances to the lightning, at ground level and at a height above ground.Abstract:
We present an approximate formula to calculate the horizontal electric field from lightning that is applicable for close, intermediate, and long distances to the lightning, at ground level and at a height above ground. The formula is analytically simple and can be readily implemented for numerical calculations in the frequency and in the time domains. The formula can be particularly useful for lightning induced voltage calculations. A test of the formula by comparison with the results obtained using good approximations to Sommerfeld's integrals is presented. The results compare favorably for a wide range of distances. Theoretical waveforms obtained with a return stroke model and the formula predict that, for negative ground lightning, the horizontal component of the electric field at close range and at a height of a few meters above the ground starts with a sharp pulse directed toward the lightning channel and is followed by a slower field change of opposite polarity.read more
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
Review and evaluation of lightning return stroke models including some aspects of their application
Vladimir A. Rakov,Martin A. Uman +1 more
TL;DR: Several aspects of the calculation of lightning electric and magnetic fields in which return stroke models are used to specify the source are considered, including equations for fields and channel-base current, as well as a discussion of channel tortuosity and branches.
Journal ArticleDOI
Influence of a lossy ground on lightning-induced voltages on overhead lines
TL;DR: In this article, a comprehensive study on the effect of a lossy ground on the induced voltages on overhead power lines by a nearby lightning strike is presented, where the ground conductivity plays a role in both the evaluation of the lightning radiated fields and of the line parameters.
Journal ArticleDOI
Overview of Recent Progress in Lightning Research and Lightning Protection
Vladimir A. Rakov,Farhad Rachidi +1 more
TL;DR: A review paper as mentioned in this paper summarizes major publications on lightning and lightning protection since the first special issue published in November 1998, i.e., during the last decade, and is organized in the following five sections: lightning discharge observations, lightning discharge-modeling, lightning occurrence characteristics/lightning locating systems, lightning electromagnetic pulse and lightning induced effects, and protection against lightning-induced effects.
Journal ArticleDOI
Transient analysis of multiconductor lines above a lossy ground
TL;DR: In this article, the Sunde logarithmic approximation for the single-wire line ground impedance was extended to the case of a multiconductor line, where the inverse Fourier transform of the ground impedance presents singularities which complicate the numerical solution of the transmission line equations.
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A Review of Field-to-Transmission Line Coupling Models With Special Emphasis to Lightning-Induced Voltages on Overhead Lines
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors derived field-to-TL coupling equations for the case of a single-wire line above a perfectly conducting ground and extended the derived equations to deal with the presence of losses and multiple conductors.
References
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Journal ArticleDOI
Transient Response of Multiconductor Transmission Lines Excited by a Nonuniform Electromagnetic Field
TL;DR: In this paper, the time-domain transmission-line equations for uniform multiconductor transmission lines in a conductive, homogeneous medium excited by a transient, nonuniform electromagnetic (EM) field are derived from Maxwell's equations.
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The Propagation of Radio Waves over the Surface of the Earth and in the Upper Atmosphere
TL;DR: In this paper, the effect of the ground constants on the groundwave field intensity in the neighborhood of a quarter-wave antenna has been investigated, and it has been shown that a part of the energy in the wave near the ground flows downward into the ground.
Journal ArticleDOI
Formulation of the field-to-transmission line coupling equations in terms of magnetic excitation field
TL;DR: In this paper, an equivalent formulation is derived in which the source terms (or forcing functions) are expressed in terms of the magnetic excitation field, which is particularly useful for evaluating field-to-transmission-line coupling when the exciting field is determined experimentally, since only the measurement of the electric field is necessary.