Journal ArticleDOI
An Association between Air Pollution and Mortality in Six U.S. Cities
Douglas W. Dockery,C A Pope rd,X Xu,John D. Spengler,James H. Ware,Martha E. Fay,Benjamin G. Ferris,Frank E. Speizer +7 more
TLDR
It is suggested that fine-particulate air pollution, or a more complex pollution mixture associated with fine particulate matter, contributes to excess mortality in certain U.S. cities.Abstract:
Background Recent studies have reported associations between particulate air pollution and daily mortality rates. Population-based, cross-sectional studies of metropolitan areas in the United States have also found associations between particulate air pollution and annual mortality rates, but these studies have been criticized, in part because they did not directly control for cigarette smoking and other health risks. Methods In this prospective cohort study, we estimated the effects of air pollution on mortality, while controlling for individual risk factors. Survival analysis, including Cox proportional-hazards regression modeling, was conducted with data from a 14-to-16-year mortality follow-up of 8111 adults in six U.S. cities. Results Mortality rates were most strongly associated with cigarette smoking. After adjusting for smoking and other risk factors, we observed statistically significant and robust associations between air pollution and mortality. The adjusted mortality-rate ratio for the most po...read more
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
Lung Cancer, Cardiopulmonary Mortality, and Long-term Exposure to Fine Particulate Air Pollution
C. Arden Pope,Richard T. Burnett,Michael J. Thun,Eugenia E. Calle,Daniel Krewski,Kazuhiko Ito,George D. Thurston +6 more
TL;DR: Fine particulate and sulfur oxide--related pollution were associated with all-cause, lung cancer, and cardiopulmonary mortality and long-term exposure to combustion-related fine particulate air pollution is an important environmental risk factor for cardiopULmonary and lung cancer mortality.
Journal ArticleDOI
Economic Growth and the Environment
Gene M. Grossman,Alan B. Krueger +1 more
TL;DR: The authors examined the relationship between per capita income and various environmental indicators and found no evidence that environmental quality deteriorates steadily with economic growth, rather, for most indicators, economic growth brings an initial phase of deterioration followed by a subsequent phase of improvement.
Journal ArticleDOI
Health effects of fine particulate air pollution: lines that connect
C. Arden Pope,Douglas W. Dockery +1 more
TL;DR: A comprehensive evaluation of the research findings provides persuasive evidence that exposure to fine particulate air pollution has adverse effects on cardiopulmonary health.
Journal ArticleDOI
Particulate Matter Air Pollution and Cardiovascular Disease An Update to the Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association
Robert D. Brook,Sanjay Rajagopalan,C. Arden Pope,Jeffrey R. Brook,Aruni Bhatnagar,Ana V. Diez-Roux,Fernando Holguin,Yuling Hong,Russell V. Luepker,Murray A. Mittleman,Annette Peters,David S. Siscovick,Sidney C. Smith,Laurie P. Whitsel,Joel D. Kaufman +14 more
TL;DR: It is the opinion of the writing group that the overall evidence is consistent with a causal relationship between PM2.5 exposure and cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.
Posted Content
Economic Growth and the Environment
Gene M. Grossman,Alan B. Krueger +1 more
TL;DR: This article examined the relationship between various environmental indicators and the level of a country's per capita income and found no evidence that environmental quality deteriorates steadily with economic growth, rather, for most indicators, economic growth brings an initial phase of deterioration followed by a subsequent phase of improvement.
References
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David Cox,D. Oakes +1 more
TL;DR: In this article, the authors give a concise account of the analysis of survival data, focusing on new theory on the relationship between survival factors and identified explanatory variables and conclude with bibliographic notes and further results that can be used for student exercises.
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Test of the national death index
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Increased mortality in Philadelphia associated with daily air pollution concentrations.
Joel Schwartz,Douglas W. Dockery +1 more
TL;DR: A significant positive association was found between total mortality and both TSP and both SO2 and the body of evidence showing that particulate pollution is associated with increased daily mortality at current levels in the United States is added.
Journal ArticleDOI
Effects of inhalable particles on respiratory health of children.
Douglas W. Dockery,Frank E. Speizer,Daniel O. Stram,James H. Ware,John D. Spengler,Benjamin G. Ferris +5 more
TL;DR: Examination of data from a second cross-sectional assessment of the association of air pollution with chronic respiratory health of children participating in the Six Cities Study of Air Pollution and Health suggests that children with hyperreactive airways may be particularly susceptible to other respiratory symptoms when exposed to these pollutants.
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Health effects of fine particulate air pollution: lines that connect
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