scispace - formally typeset
Open AccessJournal ArticleDOI

Analysis of the procedures used in the forensic evaluation of illegal substances: a statistical approach to interpreting reports

Reads0
Chats0
TLDR
Palavras-chave et al. as discussed by the authors used statistical tools to evaluate forensic reports on illegal substances and evaluated the characteristics of the analysis and addressed the methodology employed by the experts.
Abstract
ResumoEste estudo utilizou ferramentas estatisticas para avaliar laudos forenses sobre substâncias ilegais. Avaliamos variaveis quanto as caracteristicas da analise e abordamos a metodologia empregada pelos peritos. Perguntas baseadas no que e necessario para esclarecer a lei foram formuladas. Analisamos 1008 documentos oficiais de diferentes jurisdicoes, divididos em 504 conjuntos compostos por um laudo preliminar e um laudo definitivo para cada caso. Os laudos foram examinados por uma equacao empirica formulada para fornecer um parâmetro denominado “Report Relevance” (Relevância do Laudo), que teve por finalidade classificar cada documento de acordo com uma pontuacao relacionada a quantidade de informacao contida. A validacao do metodo foi realizada por analise multivariada de dados: Analise de Componentes Principais (Principal Component Analysis, PCA), Analise de Agrupamentos Hierarquicos (Hierarchical Cluster Analysis, HCA), Soft Independent Modeling of Class Analogy (SIMCA) e Minimos Quadrados Parciais (Partial Least Squares, PLS). A analise quantitativa mostrou que os documentos foram bem produzidos, com boa qualidade, uma vez que a Relevância do Laudo apresentou valores em torno de 0,74 ± 0,08 para aqueles provenientes da Policia Estadual. Em comparacao, os documentos provenientes da Policia Federal obtiveram valores em torno de 0,87 ± 0,05. Fatores que podem explicar essas diferencas e as melhores pontuacoes para os laudos federais incluem maior investimento em tecnologia e treinamento de pessoal, e menor demanda de mao-de-obra e rotina. Para ambas as forcas policiais, alguns aspectos poderiam ser melhorados, como imagens das evidencias coletadas ou procedimentos analiticos laboratoriais. Finalmente, a metodologia neste estudo pode ser adaptada para ser usada em outros tipos de investigacao forense.Palavras-chave: Substâncias Ilicitas, Procedimentos Periciais, Analise MultivariadaAbstractThis study used statistical tools to evaluate forensic reports on illegal substances. We evaluated variables regarding the characteristics of the analysis and we addressed the methodology employed by the experts. Questions based on what is required to clarify the law were formulated. We have parsed 1008 official documents from different jurisdictions, divided into 504 sets comprised of a preliminary and a final report for each case. The reports were examined by an empirical equation formulated to provide a parameter called “Report Relevance”, which intended to classify each report according to a score related to the amount of information it contained.  The validation of the method was performed by multivariate data analysis: Principal Component Analysis (PCA), Hierarchical Cluster Analysis (HCA), Soft Independent Modeling of Class Analogy (SIMCA) and Partial Least Squares (PLS). Quantitative analysis showed that the expert documents were well produced, with good quality, since the Report Relevance showed values around 0.74 ± 0.08 for the reports from the State Police. By comparison, reports from the Federal Police obtained scores around 0.87 ± 0.05. Factors that might explain these differences and the better scores for the Federal reports include increased investment in technology and training of staff, and a lower labor demand and routine. For both police forces, some aspects could be improved, such as images of the collected evidence or laboratory analytical procedures. Finally, the methodology in this study can be adapted to be used in other kinds of forensic investigation.Keywords: Illegal Substances, Expertise Procedures, Multivariate Analysis.

read more

References
More filters
Book

Statistics and Chemometrics for Analytical Chemistry

TL;DR: In this article, the authors present a set of confidence limits of the geometric mean for a log-normal distribution for a given value and the confidence limits for a large sample for a small sample.
Journal ArticleDOI

Statistics and Chemometrics for Analytical Chemistry

Eric R. Ziegel
- 01 Nov 2004 - 
TL;DR: A recent visit to one of BP’s European technology centers produced a request to develop statistics training for the people in the analytical lab, so a search to see what books were available found this book, a husband and wife pairing of an analytical chemist and a statistician, hard to imagine a much better book for use as the first course with a group of analytical chemists.
Book

Chemometrics: Data Analysis for the Laboratory and Chemical Plant

TL;DR: The concept and need for Principal Components Analysis, a method forsupervised Pattern Recognition: Cluster Analysis, and its application in Chemistry are explained.
Journal ArticleDOI

Error rates in forensic DNA analysis: Definition, numbers, impact and communication

TL;DR: It is concluded that the observed relative frequency of quality failures is comparable to studies from clinical laboratories and genetic testing centres, and this frequency is constant over the five-year study period.
Journal ArticleDOI

The effect of the uncertainty in the number of contributors to mixed DNA profiles on profile interpretation

TL;DR: The effect of misspecification of the number of contributors to a profile caused by one artefactual peak, either a large back stutter or a forward stutter, was investigated using a continuous model.