Cloud-based design and manufacturing

TLDR: The development of a smart delivery drone is presented as an idealized CBDM example scenario and a corresponding CBDM system architecture is proposed that incorporates CBDM-based design processes, integrated manufacturing services, information and supply chain management in a holistic sense.

Abstract: Cloud-based design manufacturing (CBDM) refers to a service-oriented networked product development model in which service consumers are enabled to configure, select, and utilize customized product realization resources and services ranging from computer-aided engineering software to reconfigurable manufacturing systems. An ongoing debate on CBDM in the research community revolves around several aspects such as definitions, key characteristics, computing architectures, communication and collaboration processes, crowdsourcing processes, information and communication infrastructure, programming models, data storage, and new business models pertaining to CBDM. One question, in particular, has often been raised: is cloud-based design and manufacturing actually a new paradigm, or is it just "old wine in new bottles"? To answer this question, we discuss and compare the existing definitions for CBDM, identify the essential characteristics of CBDM, define a systematic requirements checklist that an idealized CBDM system should satisfy, and compare CBDM to other relevant but more traditional collaborative design and distributed manufacturing systems such as web- and agent-based design and manufacturing systems. To justify the conclusion that CBDM can be considered as a new paradigm that is anticipated to drive digital manufacturing and design innovation, we present the development of a smart delivery drone as an idealized CBDM example scenario and propose a corresponding CBDM system architecture that incorporates CBDM-based design processes, integrated manufacturing services, information and supply chain management in a holistic sense. We present a new paradigm in digital manufacturing and design innovation, namely cloud-based design and manufacturing (CBDM).We identify the common key characteristics of CBDM.We define a requirement checklist that any idealized CBDM system should satisfy.We compare CBDM with other relevant but more traditional collaborative design and distributed manufacturing systems.We describe an idealized CBDM application example scenario.

Figures

Table 5. A requirements checklist for CBDM systems.

Table 1. Cloud-based manufacturing-related definitions.

Full text

Citation for published version:
Wu, D, Rosen, DW, Wang, L & Schaefer, D 2015, 'Cloud-based design and manufacturing: A new paradigm in
digital manufacturing and design innovation', Computer-Aided Design, vol. 59, pp. 1-14.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cad.2014.07.006
DOI:
10.1016/j.cad.2014.07.006
Publication date:
2015
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Peer reviewed version
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Download date: 09. Aug. 2022

Accepted Manuscript
Cloud-based design and manufacturing: A new paradigm in digital
manufacturing and design innovation
Dazhong Wu, David W. Rosen, Lihui Wang, Dirk Schaefer
PII: S0010-4485(14)00156-0
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cad.2014.07.006
Reference: JCAD 2229
To appear in: Computer-Aided Design
Received date: 8 April 2014
Accepted date: 16 July 2014
Please cite this article as: Wu D, Rosen DW, Wang L, Schaefer D. Cloud-based design and
manufacturing: A new paradigm in digital manufacturing and design innovation.
Computer-Aided Design (2014), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cad.2014.07.006
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Cloud-Based Design and Manufacturing: A New Paradigm in Digital
Manufacturing and Design Innovation
Dazhong Wu
The G.W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering
Georgia Institute of Technology
Atlanta, Georgia, 30332
Email: dwu42@gatech.edu
David W. Rosen
The G.W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering
Georgia Institute of Technology
Atlanta, Georgia, 30332
Email: david.rosen@me.gatech.edu
Lihui Wang
Department of Production Engineering
KTH Royal Institute of Technology
Stockholm 100 44, Sweden
Email: lihuiw@kth.se
Dirk Schaefer*
The G.W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering
Georgia Institute of Technology
Atlanta, Georgia, 30332
Email: dirk.schaefer@me.gatech.edu
ABSTRACT
Cloud-based design manufacturing (CBDM) refers to a service-oriented networked product
development model in which service consumers are enabled to configure, select, and utilize customized
product realization resources and services ranging from computer-aided engineering software to
reconfigurable manufacturing systems. An ongoing debate on CBDM in the research community revolves
around several aspects such as definitions, key characteristics, computing architectures, communication
and collaboration processes, crowdsourcing processes, information and communication infrastructure,
programming models, data storage, and new business models pertaining to CBDM. One question, in
particular, has often been raised: Is cloud-based design and manufacturing actually a new paradigm, or is
it just ―old wine in new bottles‖? To answer this question, we discuss and compare the existing definitions
*Manuscript_Revised_Unmarked
Click here to view linked References

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for CBDM, identify the essential characteristics of CBDM, define a systematic requirements checklist
that an idealized CBDM system should satisfy, and compare CBDM to other relevant but more traditional
collaborative design and distributed manufacturing systems such as web- and agent-based design and
manufacturing systems. To justify the conclusion that CBDM can be considered as a new paradigm that is
anticipated to drive digital manufacturing and design innovation, we present the development of a smart
delivery drone as an idealized CBDM example scenario and propose a corresponding CBDM system
architecture that incorporates CBDM-based design processes, integrated manufacturing services,
information and supply chain management in a holistic sense.
Keywords: Cloud-based design and manufacturing; Collaborative design; Distributed manufacturing;
Design innovation; Digital manufacturing.
1. Introduction
In its initial application field of information technology (IT), cloud computing has proven to be a
disruptive technology. It leverages existing technologies such as utility computing, parallel computing,
and virtualization [1]. Some of its key characteristics include agility, scalability and elasticity, on-demand
computing, and self-service provisioning [2]. Adapted from the original cloud computing paradigm and
introduced into the realm of computer-aided product development, cloud-based design and manufacturing
(CBDM) is gaining significant momentum and attention from both academia and industry. Cloud-based
design and manufacturing (CBDM) refers to a service-oriented networked product development model in
which service consumers are enabled to configure, select, and utilize customized product realization
resources and services ranging from CAE software to reconfigurable manufacturing systems. This is
accomplished through a synergetic integration of the four key cloud computing service models:
Infrastructure-as-a-Service (IaaS), Platform-as-a-Service (PaaS), Hardware-as-a-Service (HaaS), and
Software-as-a-Service (SaaS) [3]. In order to fully grasp the breadth, depth, and opportunities of CBDM
as an emerging paradigm for distributed and collaborative product development [25,64-65], it is advisable

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to discuss its two counterparts: cloud-based design (CBD) and cloud-based manufacturing (CBM)
separately before shedding more light on how they may act in concert.
Cloud-Based Design (CBD) refers to a networked design model that leverages cloud computing,
service-oriented architecture (SOA), Web 2.0 (e.g., social network sites), and semantic web technologies
to support cloud-based engineering design services in distributed and collaborative environments [4,25].
Some of the important requirements of a CBD system include (1) it must be cloud computing-based; (2) it
must be ubiquitously assessable from mobile devices; and (3) it must be able to manage complex
information flow. A detailed requirements checklist for developing CBD systems will be discussed in
Section 3. While an ideal CBD system does not yet exist, some companies already develop and provide
select critical components for CBD systems. For instance, Autodesk offers a cloud-based platform,
Autodesk 123D [5], which allows users to convert photos of artifacts into 3D models, create or edit the
3D models, and generate associated prototypes with remote 3D printers accessed through the Internet. In
addition, Autodesk offers a cloud-based mobile application, AutoCAD 360 [6], which allows design
engineers to view, edit, and share AutoCAD digital files using mobile devices such as smartphones or
tablets. 100kGrarages.com [7], a social network site for connecting consumers with small and medium-
sized design companies or individual design engineers, allows a service consumer to search for capable
and qualified design service providers in a virtual community by providing consumers with each
alternative service provider’s profile page. Each profile page includes information such as specialties and
sample designs of a service provider.
Cloud-Based Manufacturing (CBM) refers to a networked manufacturing model that exploits on-
demand access to a shared collection of diversified and distributed manufacturing resources to form
temporary, reconfigurable production lines which enhance efficiency, reduce product lifecycle costs, and
allow for optimal resource allocation in response to variable-demand customer generated tasking [8-9].
Table 1 presents another two widely used definitions of CBM. Although each definition may focus on a
unique aspect of CBM, they include common elements such as networked manufacturing, ubiquitous
access, multi-tenancy and virtualization, big data and the IoT, everything-as-a-service (e.g., infrastructure-

Frequently asked questions

Q1. What are the contributions mentioned in the paper "Cloud-based design and manufacturing: a new paradigm in digital manufacturing and design innovation" ?

To answer this question, the authors discuss and compare the existing definitions * Manuscript_Revised_Unmarked Click here to view linked References 

Q2. What future works have the authors mentioned in the paper "Cloud-based design and manufacturing: a new paradigm in digital manufacturing and design innovation" ?

In addition, IoT is another key enabling technology to improve manufacturing automation, supply chain management, remote maintenance and diagnostics in the future development and implementation of CBDM. In addition, future advances in wireless sensor networks, pervasive remote tracking/monitoring, and standardization of communications protocols will allow for effective and efficient machine to machine, machine to infrastructure, machine to environment, human to human, and human to machine communications from anywhere at any time. Specifically, because IoT is characterized by ubiquitous computing ( e. g., embedded smart sensors and actuators ) and pervasive sensing technologies ( e. g., RadioFrequency Identification tags ), it has the potential to automate manufacturing processes by 33 connecting humans, machines, manufacturing processes, and design- and manufacturing-related massive data sets. For example, realtime tracking/monitoring data will enable CBDM systems to track and trace specific objects, to monitor and synchronize material flow in manufacturing, and eventually increase the productivity and efficiency of manufacturing supply chain. 

Q3. What is the purpose of the web portal of CBDM systems?

To provide an interface such as social media and crowdsourcing platforms between service providers and consumers, the web portal of CBDM systems is developed using Web 2.0 technology and associated application software. 

Q4. What is the main benefit of the cloud-based supply chain management module?

the cloud-based supply chain management module allows for manufacturing capacity scalability planning and control by simulating the material flow in the CBDM process and optimizing supplier selection. 

Q5. What are the characteristics of a TPS?

TPSs are characterized by a number of principles that assist in eliminating waste by reducing waiting time, inventory, and the number of defective products. 

Q6. What is the way to visualize the design flow in a drone?

The graph theory and data mining tools in SNA allow for visualizing information flow in the drone design network, detecting groups of design engineers with common design interests and activities while design activities are being conducted. 

Q7. What can design engineers use to collect customer feedback and responses on existing and new features of drones?

they can use business-targeted market research platforms such as HootSuite [47], Epinions [48], and Salesforce.com [49] to collect customer feedback and responses on existing and new features of drones. 

Q8. What is the main advantage of a FMS?

the major advantage of an FMS is that it allows for variation in both parts and assemblies; however, its implementation is usually costly. 

Q9. What is the way to improve design productivity?

From a design communication perspective, cloud-based information management tools allow for enhanced information flow management that can significantly improve design productivity. 

Q10. How long will the FAA address the commercial use of drones in the United States?

In five years or so, the FAA will address current and future policies, regulations, technologies, and procedures related to the commercial use of drones in the United States. 

Q11. What is the main advantage of Quickparts?

Quickparts enables design engineers to upload their CAD files of the drone design created by CATIA and SolidWorks, to perform geometric and printability analysis, and finally to receive a list of qualified service providers instantly. 

Q12. What are the advantages of cloud-based data storage?

The advantages of cloud-based data storage are: (1) cloud-based data storage provides users with ubiquitous access to a broad range of data stored in the networked servers via a web service19interface; (2) data storage can easily scale up and down as needed on a self-service basis; (3) users are only charged for the storage they actually use in the cloud. 

Q13. What are the advantages of using a machine-readable knowledge representation scheme?

the machine-readable knowledge representation scheme, called web service description language (WSDL), and universal description discovery and integration (UDDI) allow manufacturing service providers to publish their manufacturing services in a machine-readable language. 

Q14. What is the main advantage of CBM?

From a rapid prototyping perspective, CBM allows the design team to build the prototype more efficiently and cost effectively without large upfront investment in manufacturing equipment. 

Q15. What should be the main characteristics of a distributed design and manufacturing system?

Should provide cloud-based distributed file systems that allow users to have ubiquitousaccess to design- and manufacturing-related dataR3. 

Q16. What is the definition of a cloud-based design and manufacturing?

Adapted from the original cloud computing paradigm and introduced into the realm of computer-aided product development, cloud-based design and manufacturing (CBDM) is gaining significant momentum and attention from both academia and industry. 

Q17. What is the role of CPS in the development of future CBDM systems?

To bridge the gap between currently existing technologies, services, infrastructures and their vision of CBDM, it is worthwhile to discuss how future and emerging technologies such as cyber-physical systems (CPS), the internet of things (IoT), and big data can help achieve and improve CBDM: CPS is expected to play a major role in the design and development of future CBDM systems. 

Q18. How can virtualization improve the efficiency and availability of computing and IT resources?

In addition, as shown in the virtual and physical layers in Fig. 1, virtualization can improve the efficiency and availability of computing and IT resources by re-allocating hardware dynamically to applications based on their need. 

Q19. How can the team quickly scale up the manufacturing capacity?

manufacturing capacity can be rapidly scaled up when needed, because the team can almost always find a list of qualified service providers whose manufacturing capacity is not fully utilized using the aforementioned cloud-based global sourcing platforms.