Counteracting urban climate change: adaptation measures and their effect on thermal comfort
TLDR
In this paper, meteorological measurements in various local climate zones were performed to demonstrate the influence of evaporation surfaces and other factors on thermal comfort, as determined by the physiologically equivalent temperature (PET).Abstract:
Cities represent thermal load areas compared with their surrounding environments. Due to climate change, summer heat events will increase. Therefore, mitigation and adaptation are needed. In this study, meteorological measurements in various local climate zones were performed to demonstrate the influence of evaporation surfaces and other factors on thermal comfort, as determined by the physiologically equivalent temperature (PET). Furthermore, a quantification of the thermal effects of several adaptation measures and varying meteorological parameters was made using model simulations (ENVI-met) in an inner-city neighborhood (Oberhausen, Germany). The results show that the most effective adaptation measure was increased wind speed (maximal 15 K PET reduction). Moreover, vegetation areas show greater PET reductions by the combination of shading and evapotranspiration than water surfaces. The creation of park areas with sufficient water supply and tall, isolated, shade-providing trees that allow for adequate ventilation can be recommended for planning.read more
Citations
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Outdoor thermal comfort within five different urban forms in the Netherlands
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors used ENVI-met to simulate outdoor air temperature, mean radiant temperature, wind speed and relative humidity, and RayMan was used to convert these data into Physiological Equivalent Temperature (PET).
Journal ArticleDOI
A review on the CFD analysis of urban microclimate
Yasin Toparlar,Yasin Toparlar,Bje Bert Blocken,Bje Bert Blocken,Bino Maiheu,G. J. F. van Heijst +5 more
TL;DR: A review of research reported in journal publications on CFD studies of urban microclimate till the end of 2015 suggests a possible change in this trend as the results from CFD simulations can be linked up with different aspects and thus, CFD can play an important role in transferring urban climate knowledge into engineering and design practice.
Journal ArticleDOI
Contribution of trees and grasslands to the mitigation of human heat stress in a residential district of Freiburg, Southwest Germany
TL;DR: In this article, the potential of urban green coverage to mitigate human heat stress was studied using the ENVI met model V4 in a residential district in Freiburg, a mid-size city in Southwest Germany.
Journal ArticleDOI
Review on the impact of urban geometry and pedestrian level greening on outdoor thermal comfort
TL;DR: In this paper, a review of pedestrian level urban greening and geometry in improving thermal comfort in cities is presented, which clearly reflects how urban design guidelines can be applied to enhance outdoor thermal comfort and minimize the heat island effect.
Journal ArticleDOI
Analyzing the ENVI-met microclimate model’s performance and assessing cool materials and urban vegetation applications–A review
TL;DR: In this article, the authors performed a meta-analysis of the reported evaluation results, reflecting the capability of the model to accurately calculate the diurnal profile of microclimatic variables.
References
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Climate Change 2007 Synthesis report
Lenny Bernstein,Peter Bosch,Osvaldo Canziani,Z. Chen,Renate Christ,Ogunlade Davidson,William Hare,Saleemul Huq,David J. Karoly,Vladimir M. Kattsov,Zbigniew W. Kundzewicz,Jian Liu,Ulrike Lohmann,Martin R. Manning,T. Matsuno,Bettina Meene,Bert Metz,Monirul Mirza,Neville Nicholls,Leonard Nurse,Rajendra Pachauri,Jean Palutikof,Martin A. J. Parry,Dale Qin,Ravindranath Nijavalli,Andy Reisinger,Jiawen Ren,Keywan Riahi,Cynthia Rosenzweig,Matilde Rusticucci,Stephen H. Schneider,Susan Solomon,Peter A. Stott,Ronald J. Stouffer,Taishi Sugiyama,Robert Swart,Dennis Tirpak,Coleen Vogel,Gary Yobe +38 more
Journal ArticleDOI
The physiological equivalent temperature - a universal index for the biometeorological assessment of the thermal environment.
TL;DR: The physiological equivalent temperature (PET) is defined as the air temperature at which the heat budget of the human body is balanced with the same core and skin temperature under the complex outdoor conditions to be assessed, and enables a layperson to compare the integral effects of complex thermal conditions outside with his or her own experience indoors.
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Adapting cities for climate change: the role of the green infrastructure.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors explore the important role that the green infrastructure of a city can play in adapting for climate change and present output from energy exchange and hydrological models showing surface temperature and surface runoff in relation to green infrastructure under current and future climate scenarios.
Journal ArticleDOI
Modelling radiation fluxes in simple and complex environments—application of the RayMan model
TL;DR: The physical basis of the RayMan model, which simulates the short- and long-wave radiation flux densities from the three-dimensional surroundings in simple and complex environments, is presented.
Journal ArticleDOI
Applications of a universal thermal index: physiological equivalent temperature.
TL;DR: The physiological equivalent temperature (PET) as discussed by the authors is a thermal index derived from the human energy balance, which is well suited to the evaluation of the thermal component of different climates and can be presented graphically or as bioclimatic maps.
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