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Journal ArticleDOI

Crosslinking of polystyrene by mono‐ and difunctional agents

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TLDR
In this article, a method of production of macrocrosslinked polystyrene networks has been developed by reaction of poly styrene with mono-and difunctional derivatives of p-xylene, durene and oligomeric chains (n<10) thereof.
Abstract
Slightly crosslinked polystyrene networks are preferable to linear polystyrene in commercial uses where increased thermal properties are favoured. A novel method of production of macrocrosslinked networks has been developed by reaction of polystyrene with mono- and difunctional derivatives of p-xylene, durene and oligomeric chains (n<10) thereof. The reaction system consists of a common organic solvent such as acetic acid or butyl acetate and a catalyst such as H2SO4 or HClO4; the reaction temperature varies between 60°C and 100°C. The degrees of crosslinking and thermal properties of the produced networks depend on the reaction system, the molar ratio of polymer to crosslinking agent and the reactivity of the functional groups; the gelation time varies between 3–12 hours for a fully crosslinked network. Promotion of the formation of regular structure networks without branches in the chains between crosslinks is achieved by the use of difunctional monomers, which favour the formation of linear polybenzylene chains between the polystyrene chains. Use of monofunctional monomers leads usually to branched and slightly crosslinked or grafted polystyrene. In both cases the regions of Tg and Tm increase up to 115°C and 350°C respectively as judged by DSC analysis. This novel crosslinking method has been also applied to crosslinking of copolymers of polystyrene and polymeric chains with aromatic structure in their backbone chain. Die Gebrauchseigenschaften von leicht vernetztem Polystyrol sind denen von linearem Polystyrol vorzuziehen, wenn hohere thermische Stabilitat erforderlich ist. Eine neue Methode zur Darstellung makrovernetzter Polymerer wurde entwickelt, indem Polystyrol mit mono- und difunktionellen Derivaten von p-Xylol, Durol und deren Oligomeren umgesetzt wurde. Das Reaktionssystem bestand aus einem normalen organischen Losungsmittel wie Essigsiiure oder Butylacetat und einem Katalysator wie H2SO4 oder HClO4: die Reaktionstemperatur wurde zwischen 60 und 100°C variiert. Vernetzungsgrad und thermische Eigenschaften der erhaltenen Netzwerke hangen vom Reaktionssystem. dem Molverhaltnis von Polymerem zu Vernetzungsmittel und der Reaktivitat der funktionellen Gruppen ab. Die Zeit fur die vollstandige Vernetzung variiert zwischen 3 und 12 Stunden. Die Bildung von Netzwerken eineitlicher Struktur ohne Kettenverzweigungenzwischen den Netzstellen wird durch die Verwendung von difunktionellen Monomeren erreicht, die die Bildung linearer Polybenzylenketten zwischen den Polystyrolketten begunstigen. Der Einsatz von monofunktionellen Monomeren fuhrt normalerweise zu verzweigtem und schwach vernetztem oder gepfropftem Polystyrol. In beiden Fallen steigen die Bereiche fur Tg und Tm bis auf 115 bzw. 350°C. wie sich aus DSC-Messungen ergibt. Diese neue Vernetzungsmethode wurde auch auf Styrol-Copolymere und auf Polymere mit aromatischer Struktur in der Hauptkette angewandt.

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Book ChapterDOI

Synthetic ion-exchange resins

TL;DR: The polymerization techniques adopted to synthesize thermally regenerateable ion-exchange resins possessing the maximum possible thermally regenerable capacity are dealt with.
Journal ArticleDOI

Sulfone-type crosslinks in sulfonation of macronet polystyrene backbone

TL;DR: In this paper, a bifunctional benzene derivative (1,4-dichloromethyl-2,5-dimethyl benzene) was used as the crosslinking agent for the main crosslink reaction.
Journal ArticleDOI

Friedel-Crafts crosslinking methods for polystyrene modification: 1. Preparation and kinetics

TL;DR: A two-step polymerization and grafting-cross-linking reaction was developed for modification of polystyrene as mentioned in this paper, where styrene was first polymerized in dichloroethane at 25°C using SnCl 4 as catalyst.
Journal ArticleDOI

Structure of friedel-crafts crosslinked polystyrene and sulfonated resins thereof

TL;DR: In this article, a new method of crosslinking of polystyrene using difunctional chloromethylated cross-linking agents is reported, which took place in dichloroethane with SnCl4 as a catalyst at 80°C and with molar ratios of poly styrene to crosslink agent ranging from 1∶2 to 12∶1.
Journal ArticleDOI

Friedel-Crafts crosslinking methods for polystyrene modification: 5. Sulfonated crosslinked polystyrene particles

TL;DR: In this paper, a new method of preparation of sulfonated, crosslinked polystyrene particles is described, which is formed by Friedel-Crafts suspension crosslinking of poly styrene dissolved in nitrobenzene.
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