Journal ArticleDOI
Dopaminergic and Noradrenergic Substrates of Positive Reinforcement: Differential Effects of d- and l-Amphetamine
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TLDR
Intracranial self-stimulation data support the hypothesis that both dopaminergic and noradrenergic systems subserve positive reinforcement.Abstract:
Intracranial self-stimulation was elicited from electrodes located in either the lateral hypothalamus or substantia nigra of the rat. Facilitatory effects of d- and l-isomers of amphetamine on self-stimulation were assessed. The d-isomer was seven to ten times more effective than the l-isomer at the hypothalamic placement, whereas the two isomers were equipotent for substantia nigra electrodes. These data support the hypothesis that both dopaminergic and noradrenergic systems subserve positive reinforcement.read more
Citations
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Toward a general psychobiological theory of emotions
TL;DR: The possibility that emotions are elaborated by transhypothalamic executive circuits that concurrently activate related behavior patterns is assessed and the manner in which learning and psychiatric disorders may arise from activities of such circuits is discussed.
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The Dopamine Hypothesis of Schizophrenia: A Review*
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Drugs, neurotransmitters, and schizophrenia.
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Aging and Extrapyramidal Function
TL;DR: Measurements on human brain samples of some enzymes concerned with neurotransmitter synthesis suggest serious losses with age, the most severe loss found was that in striatal tyrosine hydroxylase activity, the rate-controlling enzyme in the synthesis of dopamine.
References
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Ascending Monoamine Neurons to the Telencephalon and Diencephalon
TL;DR: A number of ascending monoamine neuron systems from the lower brain stem are demonstrated and mapped out by studying the anterograde and retrograde changes that occur in these neurons after various types of brain lesions.
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Approach-avoidance analysis of rat diencephalon.
Marianne E. Olds,James Olds +1 more
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Possible Etiology of Schizophrenia: Progressive Damage to the Noradrenergic Reward System by 6-Hydroxydopamine
Larry Stein,C. David Wise +1 more
TL;DR: Episodic or continuous formation of endogenous 6-hydroxydopamine in man as a result of a genetically determined enzymatic error could selectively damage the binding capacity and, eventually, the structural integrity of the noradrenergic reward mechanism.
Journal Article
Catecholamine uptake by synaptosomes in homogenates of rat brain: stereospecificity in different areas
TL;DR: In the rat cerebral cortex, d -amphetamine was 10-fold more potent an inhibitor of dl -H3-norepinephrine uptake than l -amphetamine; however, in the rat corpus striatum, d- and l - methamphetamine were equipotent as inhibitors of H3-dopamine uptake.