Dust Explosions: Course, Prevention, Protection

TLDR: In this paper, the authors present an approach for the testing of airborne dust in the presence of smoke and fire. But they do not discuss the effects of the explosion on the surrounding environment.

Abstract: 1 Introduction.- 2 Historical Review.- 2.1 Occurrence of Dust Explosions.- 2.2 The Nature of Dust Explosions.- 2.3 Apparatus for the Testing of Airborne Dusts.- 3 Dust as a Dispersed Substance.- 4 Material Safety Specifications.- 4.1 Preliminary Remarks.- 4.2 Material Safety Specifications of Dust Layers (G. Zwahlen).- 4.2.1 Flammability.- 4.2.2 Burning Behavior.- 4.2.2.1 Combustibility Test at Room Temperature.- 4.2.2.2 Combustibility Test at Elevated Temperature.- 4.2.2.3 Burning Rate Test.- 4.2.3 Deflagration.- 4.2.3.1 Screening Test for Deflagration.- 4.2.3.2 Laboratory Test for Deflagration.- 4.2.4 Smolder Temperature.- 4.2.4.1 Determination of the Smolder Temperature.- 4.2.5 Autoignition.- 4.2.5.1 Determination of the Relative Autoignition Temperature, as per Grewer.- 4.2.5.2 Hot Storage Test in the Wire Mesh Basket.- 4.2.6 Exothermic Decomposition.- 4.2.6.1 Determination of the Exothermic Decomposition Temperature in an Open Vessel, as per Lutolf.- 4.2.6.2 Determination of an Exothermic Decomposition in an Oven Purged with Nitrogen, as per Grewer.- 4.2.6.3 Differential Thermal Analysis.- 4.2.6.4 Determination of an Exothermic Decomposition Under Choked Heat Flow.- 4.2.7 Explosibility.- 4.2.7.1 Impact Sensitivity.- 4.2.7.2 Friction Sensitivity.- 4.2.7.3 Thermal Sensitivity.- 4.3 Material Safety Specifications for Dust Clouds Describing the Explosion Behavior.- 4.3.1 Combustible Dusts.- 4.3.1.1 Preliminary Remarks.- 4.3.1.2 Particle Size Distribution.- 4.3.1.3 Explosibility.- 4.3.1.4 Explosible Limits.- 4.3.1.5 Explosion Pressure Versus Explosion Violence.- 4.3.2 Flock.- 4.3.2.1 Preliminary Remarks.- 4.3.2.2 Explosible Limits.- 4.3.2.3 Explosion Pressure/Violence of Explosion.- 4.3.3 Hybrid Mixtures.- 4.3.3.1 Preliminary Remarks.- 4.3.3.2 Explosible Limits.- 4.3.3.3 Explosion Pressure /Violence of Explosion.- 4.3.4 Conclusions.- 4.4 Safety Characteristics of Airborne Dust Describing the Ignition Behavior.- 4.4.1 Minimum Ignition Energy.- 4.4.1.1 Preliminary Remarks.- 4.4.1.2 Apparatus for the Determination of the Minimum Ignition Energy.- 4.4.1.3 Ignition Behavior of Combustible Dusts.- 4.4.1.4 Ignition Behavior of Flock.- 4.4.1.5 Ignition Behavior of Hybrid Mixtures.- 4.4.1.6 Conclusions.- 4.4.2 Ignition Temperature.- 4.4.2.1 Preliminary Remarks.- 4.4.2.2 Apparatus for Temperature Determination.- 4.4.2.3 Ignition Effectiveness of a Glowing Coil.- 4.4.2.4 Conclusions.- 4.5 Safety Characteristics of Airborne Dusts Describing the Course of an Explosion in Pipelines.- 5 Protective Measures Against the Occurrence and Effects of Dust Explosions.- 5.1 Preliminary Remarks.- 5.2. Preventive Explosion Protection.- 5.2.1 Preliminary Remarks.- 5.2.2 Prevention of Explosible Dust/Air Mixtures.- 5.2.3 Prevention of Dust Explosions by Using Inert Matter.- 5.2.3.1 Admixture of Nitrogen.- 5.2.3.1.1 Preliminary Remarks.- 5.2.3.1.2 Combustible Dusts.- 5.2.3.1.3 Hybrid Mixtures.- 5.2.3.1.4 UseofVacuum.- 5.2.3.1.5 Admixture of Solids.- 5.2.4 Prevention of Effective Ignition Sources.- 5.2.4.1 Preliminary Remarks.- 5.2.4.2 Mechanically Generated Sparks.- 5.2.5 Hot Surfaces/Autoignition.- 5.2.6 Static Electricity.- 5.2.7 Conclusions.- 5.3 Explosion Protectio'n Through Design Measures.- 5.3.1 Preliminary Remarks.- 5.3.2 Explosion Pressure-resistant Design for the Maximum Explosion Pressure.- 5.3.2.1 Explosion Pressure-resistant Design.- 5.3.2.2 Explosion Pressure Shock-resistant Design.- 5.3.3 Explosion Pressure-resistant Design for a Reduced Maximum Explosion Pressure in Conjunction with Explosion Pressure Venting.- 5.3.3.1 Preliminary Remarks.- 5.3.3.2 Explosion Pressure Venting of Vessels.- 5.3.3.3 Explosion Pressure Venting of Elongated Vessels (Silos).- 5.3.3.4 Explosion Pressure Venting of Pipelines.- 5.3.4 Explosion-resistant Construction for Reduced Maximum Explosion Pressure in Conjunction with Explosion Suppression.- 5.3.5 Technical Diversion or Arresting of Explosions.- 5.3.5.1 Preliminary Remarks.- 5.3.5.2 Extinguishing Barrier.- 5.3.5.3 RotaryAir Locks (Rotary Valves).- 5.3.5.4 Rapid-Action Valves: Gate or Butterfly Type.- 5.3.5.5 Rapid-Action Valve: Float Type.- 5.3.5.6 Explosion Diverter.- 5.3.6 Conclusions.- 6 Concluding Remarks.- 7 Acknowledgements.- 8 Appendix.- 8.1 Explosion Pressure Venting.- 8.1.1 Vessel: Area Determination by Calculation or Nomogram.- 8.1.2 Elongated Vessels (Silos).- 9 References.- 10 Symbols and Abbreviations.- 11 Conversion Factors.- 12 Subject Index.