Journal ArticleDOI
Electromagnetic field near the focus of wide-angular lens and mirror systems
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TLDR
In this paper, the time-averaged electric energy density near the focus of a parabolic mirror of wide-angular aperture is calculated and compared with that of an aplanatic lens system.Abstract:
The time-averaged electric energy density near the focus of a parabolic mirror of wide-angular aperture is calculated and compared with that of an aplanatic lens system. The distributions exhibit great differences, the mirror showing a greater departure from circular symmetry, a more complicated structure and increased sidelobes. The vectorial integral representation of Wolf is derived from the Stratton-Chu formula.read more
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
Restoration of confocal images for quantitative image analysis
H. T. M. Voort,K. C. Strasters +1 more
TL;DR: In this article, a method aimed at the correction of diffraction-induced distortions is described, including the steps necessary in restoring confocal images, including a novel method to measure instrumental properties on a routine basis.
Journal ArticleDOI
Imaging in high-aperture optical systems
TL;DR: In this article, a pseudoparaxial approximation of the axial variation in the complex amplitude was proposed to predict the effect of axial variations on optical imaging, including depth of focus, interference microscopy, and the imaging of objects with appreciable depth.
Journal ArticleDOI
A high numerical aperture parabolic mirror as imaging device for confocal microscopy.
M. A. Lieb,Alfred J. Meixner +1 more
TL;DR: Vector field calculations of the electric fields near focus for both linear and radially polarized illumination show that a high NA parabolic mirror allows an easy orientation of the polarization of the illuminating light in all spatial directions.
Journal ArticleDOI
3-D image formation in high-aperture fluorescence confocal microscopy: a numerical analysis
H. T. M. Voort,G. J. Brakenhoff +1 more
TL;DR: In this article, the imaging properties of a confocal fluorescence microscope are considered on the basis of a theoretical model, which takes into account high-aperture objectives, the polarization state of the excitation light and a finite detector pinhole.
Journal ArticleDOI
Efficient calculation of electromagnetic diffraction in optical systems using a multipole expansion
Colin J. R. Sheppard,Peter Török +1 more
TL;DR: In this paper, the field distribution in the focal region of a high-aperture optical system is calculated using an expansion into multipole components, which is expressed as analytic expressions in terms of associated Legendre functions and spherical Bessel functions, thus avoiding computational problems in evaluation of diffraction integrals.
References
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Journal ArticleDOI
Electromagnetic Diffraction in Optical Systems. II. Structure of the Image Field in an Aplanatic System
B. Richards,Emil Wolf +1 more
TL;DR: In this article, an investigation of the structure of the electromagnetic field near the focus of an aplanatic system which images a point source is made, and the results are illustrated by diagrams and in a tabulated form based on data obtained by extensive calculations on an electronic computor.
Journal ArticleDOI
Electromagnetic Diffraction in Optical Systems. I. An Integral Representation of the Image Field
TL;DR: In this article, an integral representation for the electromagnetic field in the image space of an optical system is obtained in the form of an angular spectrum of plane waves, which is closely related to that introduced by Luneberg (1944) as a vector generalization of well-known formulae of Debye (1909) and Picht (1925).
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Electromagnetic Diffraction in Optical Systems. II. Structure of the Image Field in an Aplanatic System
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A high numerical aperture parabolic mirror as imaging device for confocal microscopy.
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