Health, Health Care, and the Environment : Econometric Evidence from German Micro Data

TLDR: A Grossman-style health production model set up in discrete time is developed and applies to explain the impact of environmental pollution on the demand for both health and health care and the quality of the environment turns out to be an important determinant of health capital.

Abstract: The paper develops and applies a Grossman-style health production model set up in discrete time to explain the impact of environmental pollution on the demand for both health and health care. In order to introduce the environment, our analysis takes changes in environmental conditions to influence the rate at which an individual's stock of health depreciates. While the theoretical part of our paper also contains a discussion of the full model, we restrict our empirical analysis to a submodel which is known as the pure investment model. This is because the other submodel, the pure consumption model, implies a rather implausible case of satiation with respect to the individual's preferences. Our empirical findings are based on data taken from the German Socio-economic Panel. The stock of health capital and environmental pollution are treated as latent variables and estimated using a Linear Covariance Structures model. The quality of the environment turns out to be an important determinant of health capital. From the point of view of health economics, improvements in environmental conditions can be interpreted as preventive measures. In terms of prevention, public policies designed to protect the environment also yield significant health effects. As regards health care demand the influence is not clearcut, i.e., one cannot necessarily expect a reduction in resource use.

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Table 2: Estimation results: structural equations

Table 3: Indirect and total effects on the demand for health services

Table 5: Results of the specification tests

Table 1: Descriptive statistics (N =3317)1)