Q2. What have the authors stated for future works in "Pii: s0305-750x(00)00071-1" ?
This shared aspect of the original contributors to the human rights approach is of speci®c interest in interpreting the task of `` human development '' in a world that is marked, on the one hand, by enormous inequities in contemporary living conditions, and on the other, by real threats to the prospects of human life in the future. The authors can not abuse and plunder their common stock of natural assets and resources leaving the future generations unable to enjoy the opportunities they take for granted today. The authors can not use up, or contaminate, their environment as they wish, violating the rights and the interests of the future generations. The demand of `` sustainability '' is, in fact, a particular re¯ection of universality of claimsÐapplied to the future generations vis- a-vis us.
Q3. What is the criterion of total well-being''?
The criterion of ``total well-being'' weights average well-being in each period by the number of people, so that the welfare function (present discounted value of total well-being) becomesx c0 1 n x c1 1 q ;where c0 and c1 are average consumption in periods 0 and 1, respectively.
Q4. What is the moral value of sustaining what the authors now have?
The moral value of sustaining what the authors now have depends on the quality of what the authors have, and the entire approach of sustainable development directs us as much toward the present as toward the future.
Q5. What is the strongest argument in favor of giving priority to the protection of the environment?
One of the strongest arguments in favor of giving priority to the protection of the environment is the ethical need for guaranteeing that future generations would continue to enjoy similar opportunities of leading worthwhile lives that are enjoyed by generations that precede them.
Q6. What is the duty of the State to protect the natural resources of the country?
It is the clear duty of Government, which is the trustee for unborn generations as well as for its present citizens, to watch over, and, if need be, by legislative enactment, to defend, the exhaustible natural resources of the country from rash and reckless spoliation.
Q7. What is the role of education and health in generating material progress?
The economic roles of better and more widespread schooling, good health and nourishment, learning by doing, and technical progress all point to the importance of human agency as a prime mover of material progress.
Q8. What is the purpose of income calculations in practical a airs?
The purpose of income calculations in practical a airs is to give people an indication of the amount which they can consume without impoverishing themselves.
Q9. What is the significance of the conditionality of the view of progress?
Thus the opulence-oriented view of progress, which has little intrinsic merit (as was discussed earlier), has a conditionally important instrumental roleÐand that conditionality relates speci®cally to features on which the human development approach has tended to focus, to wit, public action and poverty reduction.
Q10. What is the equivalent of maximizing the integral of bliss utility over attained utility?
Instead of maximizing the above integral, Ramsey minimized the integral of the excess of bliss utility over attained utility:Z 10u ĉ ÿ u ct dt:This is equivalent to maximizingZ 1 0 u ct ÿ u ĉ dt:
Q11. What is the importance of education in promoting the quality of life of later generations?
The importance of maternal education in raising the quality of life and agency of later generations has also been well established (see, for example, Summers, 1992).
Q12. What is the simplest way to allow for both pure time discount and wellbeing inequality?
The simplest way of allowing for both pure time discount and wellbeing inequality between generations is to take a (quasi-) concave transformation of the wellbeing values that are comparable over time, viz.