Journal ArticleDOI
Impact Of Permethrin-treated Bed Nets On Entomologic Indices In An Area Of Intense Year-round Malaria Transmission
John E. Gimnig,John M. Vulule,Terrence Q. Lo,Luna Kamau,Margarette S. Kolczak,Penelope A. Phillips-Howard,Evan M. Mathenge,Feiko O. ter Kuile,Bernard L. Nahlen,Allen W. Hightower,William A. Hawley +10 more
Abstract:
The effect of permethrin-treated bed nets (ITNs) on malaria vectors was studied as part of a large-scale, randomized, controlled trial in western Kenya. Indoor resting densities of fed Anopheles gambiae s.l. and An. funestus in intervention houses were 58.5% (P 0.010) and 94.5% (P 0.001) lower, respectively, compared with control houses. The sporozoite infection rate in An. gambiae s.l. was 0.8% in intervention areas compared with 3.4% (P 0.026) in control areas, while the sporozoite infection rates in An. funestus were not significantly different between the two areas. We estimated the overall transmission of Plasmodium falciparum in intervention areas to be 90% lower than in control areas. Permethrin resistance was not detected during the study period. As measured by densities of An. gambiae s.l., the efficacy of bed nets decreased if one or more residents did not sleep under a net or if bed nets had not been re-treated within six months. These results indicate that ITNs are optimally effective if used every night and if per- methrin is reapplied at least biannually. As part of the efficacy trial, we assessed some standard entomologicparameters: the number of indoor resting mos- quitoes, house exiting behavior, the proportion of mosquitoes infected with Plasmodium falciparum sporozoites, and insec- ticide resistance. We also assessed the effect of several human factors on the number of blood fed mosquitoes found resting indoors. The most important of these is adherence, which is whether the individual owning the net actually slept under a properly deployed net during the night before resting mos- quitoes were collected. We also measured the impact of the number of bed nets in houses and the time since re-treatment of nets with insecticide on numbers of fed mosquitoes.read more
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
Determining important parameters in the spread of malaria through the sensitivity analysis of a mathematical model.
TL;DR: This work performs sensitivity analyses on a mathematical model of malaria transmission to determine the relative importance of model parameters to disease transmission and prevalence and finds that in areas of low transmission, the reproductive number and the equilibrium proportion of infectious humans are most sensitive to the mosquito biting rate.
Journal ArticleDOI
Increased proportions of outdoor feeding among residual malaria vector populations following increased use of insecticide-treated nets in rural Tanzania.
Tanya L. Russell,Tanya L. Russell,Tanya L. Russell,Nicodem J. Govella,Nicodem J. Govella,Salum Azizi,Chris Drakeley,S. Patrick Kachur,Gerry F. Killeen,Gerry F. Killeen +9 more
TL;DR: High usage of ITNs can dramatically alter African vector populations so that intense, predominantly indoor transmission is replaced by greatly lowered residual transmission, a greater proportion of which occurs outdoors.
Journal ArticleDOI
Anopheles gambiae: historical population decline associated with regional distribution of insecticide-treated bed nets in western Nyanza Province, Kenya
M. Nabie Bayoh,M. Nabie Bayoh,Derrick K Mathias,Derrick K Mathias,Derrick K Mathias,Maurice R. Odiere,Maurice R. Odiere,Francis M. Mutuku,Francis M. Mutuku,Luna Kamau,John E. Gimnig,John M. Vulule,William A. Hawley,Mary J. Hamel,Edward D. Walker +14 more
TL;DR: A marked decline of the A. gambiae s.s. population occurred as household ownership of bed nets rose in a region of western Kenya over a 10 year period, resulting in the observed proportionate increase in A. arabiensis compared to its closely related sibling species.
Journal ArticleDOI
Preventing childhood malaria in Africa by protecting adults from mosquitoes with insecticide-treated nets.
Gerry F. Killeen,Thomas J. Smith,Heather M. Ferguson,Hassan Mshinda,Salim Abdulla,Christian Lengeler,Steven P Kachur +6 more
TL;DR: Covering entire populations will be required to accomplish large reductions of the malaria burden in Africa, and coverage of vulnerable groups should still be prioritized, but the equitable and communal benefits of wide-scale ITN use by older children and adults should be explicitly promoted and evaluated by national malaria control programmes.
Journal ArticleDOI
Variation in malaria transmission intensity in seven sites throughout Uganda.
Paul Edward Okello,Wim Van Bortel,Anatol Maranda Byaruhanga,Anne Correwyn,P Roelants,Ambrose Talisuna,Umberto D'Alessandro,Marc Coosemans +7 more
TL;DR: Based on the observed behavior of the vectors, insecticide-treated bed nets will be highly effective in controlling malaria, however, in the high transmission areas, additional measures will be needed to reduce the malaria burden to acceptable levels.
References
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Journal ArticleDOI
Identification of Single Specimens of the Anopheles Gambiae Complex by the Polymerase Chain Reaction
TL;DR: A ribosomal DNA-polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method has been developed for species identification of individuals of the five most widespread members of the Anopheles gambiae complex, a group of morphologically indistinguishable sibling mosquito species that includes the major vectors of malaria in Africa.
Journal ArticleDOI
Insecticide‐treated bednets reduce mortality and severe morbidity from malaria among children on the Kenyan coast
C G Nevill,Eliab Some,V. O. Mung'ala,Wilfred Mutemi,L New,Kevin Marsh,Kevin Marsh,C. Lengeler,Robert W. Snow,Robert W. Snow +9 more
TL;DR: A community randomized, controlled trial of permethrin treated bednets among a rural population on the Kenyan Coast assessed the impact of ITBN on child survival under different epidemiological and cultural conditions.
Journal ArticleDOI
Impact of permethrin impregnated bednets on child mortality in Kassena‐Nankana district, Ghana: a randomized controlled trial
Fred Binka,A. Kubaje,Martin Adjuik,L. A. Williams,C. Lengeler,G.H. Maude,George Armah,B. Kajihara,J. H. Adiamah,Pete Smith +9 more
TL;DR: The ready acceptance of bednets, the high level of compliance in their use and the subsequent impact on all‐cause mortality in this study has important implications for programmes to control malaria in sub‐Saharan Africa.
Journal ArticleDOI
Mortality and morbidity from malaria in Gambian children after introduction of an impregnated bednet programme
Umberto D'Alessandro,B.O. Olaleye,William McGuire,P. Langerock,Sara Bennett,M. K. Aikins,Madeleine C. Thomson,M K Cham,B A Cham,Brian Greenwood +9 more
TL;DR: In a country such as The Gambia, where nets were widely used and which has a good primary health care system, it is possible to achieve insecticide-treatment of bednets at a national level with a significant reduction in child mortality; but at a cost which the country cannot afford.
Journal Article
Comparative testing of monoclonal antibodies against Plasmodium falciparum sporozoites for ELISA development.
Robert A. Wirtz,Fidel Zavala,Y. Charoenvit,Gary H. Campbell,Thomas R. Burkot,Imogene Schneider,K. M. Esser,R. L. Beaudoin,R. G. Andre +8 more
TL;DR: Two monoclonal antibodies developed against Plasmodium falciparum sporozoites at four institutions were evaluated for use in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and one had the highest sensitivity, a requirement for lower concentrations of capture antibody, and had been tested successfully against sporozoite from a wider range of geographical areas than the others.
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