Q2. What was the effect of the mixtures 305 on the shape of the biscuits?
The mixtures 305 presented shear-thinning behavior and an increase in the PS led to an increase in 306 viscosity, τ0 and G′. τ0 and G′ were critical for supporting subsequent deposited layers 307 and maintaining printed shape.
Q3. What other materials were used to print 3D objects?
Some researchers 64 also used proteins, meat purees and carbohydrates to print 3D objects through 65 extrusion-based processes (Sol et al., 2015).
Q4. What is the effect of the PS mixture on the printed structures?
The printed constructs using 2% PS mixture could withstand the 251 shape over time and displayed smooth surface texture and fine resolution, which 252 might be because that the mixture with proper τ0 (312.16 Pa) and G′ were strong 253 enough to support the deposited layers and hold the printed structures.
Q5. what is the role of cellulose in 368 rheology?
Use of microfibrillated 367 cellulose/lignosulfonate blends as carbon precursors: impact of hydrogel 368 rheology on 3D printing.
Q6. What is the effect of the addition of PS on the reorientation of starch ?
possible 173 chemical exchange between starch hydroxyl protons and water protons could be 174 enhanced at a higher starch concentration (Yakubu et al., 1993).
Q7. What is the importance of viscosity in 3D printing?
Apparent viscosity is an important factor, which should be low 56 enough to allow for easy extrusion process and high enough to adhere to previous 57 deposited layers.
Q8. What is the common model for pseudoplastic materials?
193 Herschel-Bulkley equation is a widely used model for pseudoplastic materials 194 (Zhang et al., 2015; Bhattacharya et al., 1999; Shao et al., 2015; Costakis et al., 2016).
Q9. What is the effect of the increase in PS on the shape retention of the printed objects?
263 However, with a further increase of PS to 4%, although the objects showed good 264 shape retention, they still showed poor resolution and large deviation from the target 265 constructs with lots of defective points due to the poor extrudability and easy 266 occurrence of broken extrudate thread.
Q10. What was the effect of the NMR relaxation of the mixtures?
As water distribution closely related with the material structure and rheological 160 properties, the proton NMR relaxation of the mixtures was studied.
Q11. What is the effect of the 0% PS mixture on the shape retention of printed objects?
They used lead zirconate titanate (PZT) 261 colloidal gels to develop periodic structures through 3D printing and found that 262 materials with higher G′ and τ0 showed better shape retention (Costakis et al., 2016).
Q12. What is the effect of the destruction of starch granule structure?
It has been shown 175 that the destruction of starch granule structure after gelatinization lead to the change 176 of the diffusion of water molecules from two-dimensional to three-dimensional in a 177 starch gel (Tananuwong and Reid, 2004).
Q13. How many nozzles can be used to extrude a 3D object?
288 According to the above discussions, it probably could be determined that the 289 highly desirable materials for extrusion during 3D printing should not only possessed 290 suitable τ0 and G′ to be capable of maintaining printed shapes, but also had relative 291 low K and n to be easily extruded out from nozzle tip in an extrusion-based type 292 printer.
Q14. What is the definition of the elastic solid like behavior?
204The G′ defines the elastic solid like behavior i.e., substance's resistance to deform 205 elastically, and it can reflect the mechanical strength of materials (Wong et al., 1981).
Q15. Why did the increase in PS increase the viscosity of the starch gel?
This might be because the 188 loss of the crystalline order of starch granules during cooking as absorption of water 189 and the formation of a denser network structure.
Q16. What is the effect of the added PS on the reorientation of water molecules?
This suggested that the closer linkage 168 between the water and starch, and the formation of a denser network structure as the 169 added PS increased.
Q17. What is the effect of a higher G′ and 0 on the extrude?
It has been shown that materials with higher G′ and τ0 facilitate 218M ANUS CRIP TAC CEPTEDstronger shape retention for the extruded parts (William et al., 2016; Zhang et al., 219 2015).