In this paper we will address the issue of environmental problems in connection with extended MRP Theory. It is based on Grubbstrom’s well developed MRP Theory (Grubbstrom in Z fur BetrWirthsch 77(3):297–324, 2007). A major advantage of this theory is that timing and its impact on net present value can be easily calculated even for extended multilevel, multistage production-inventory systems and also for perturbed production systems consisting of many production cells. Theory has recently been extended by including reverse logistics of final and used products (Grubbstrom et al. in A compact representation of distribution and reverse logistics in the value chain. Faculty of Economics, Ljubljana, 2007). At each activity cell a certain percentage of scrapes is produced and sent for recycling after quality control. Here we present an input–output model which includes all possible flows into a recycling sub-process with several stages of recycling. This model is presented in a generalized form of input and output matrices which has not been developed before. The model will be presented in two different ways which differ in the level of detailed information they contain. Contribution of recycling to the net present value of all activities in a supply chain is expressed and can be compared to environmental damage that could occur if reverse processes are not introduced. Using this approach, the losses and gains in both the economy and the environment could be evaluated more accurately considering all individual flows in the system. No other approaches besides input–output analysis and Laplace transforms have been found so successful in compound supply systems.

background

Input-Output Economics

Multistage reverse logistics of assembly systems in extended MRP Theory consisting of all material flows

The input-output structure of the United States economy is used to obtain the energy required to produce consumer commodities. Calculations are based on energy sector inverse coefficients and the average energy per dollar of sales of the energy sectors. While variations between sectors are not negligible, they are considerably less than initially anticipated.

Energy per Dollar Value of Consumer Goods and Services

Models to be used for analyses of economic risks from events which occur during U.S. LWR plant operation are developed in this study. The models include capabilities to estimate both onsite and offsite costs of LWR events ranging from routine plant forced outages to severe core-melt accidents resulting in large releases of radioactive material to the environment. The models have been developed for potential use by both the nuclear power industry and regulatory agencies in cost/benefit analyses for decision-making purposes. The new onsite cost models estimate societal losses from power production cost increases, new plant capital costs, plant decontamination costs, and plant repair costs which may be incurred after LWR operational events. Early decommissioning costs, plant worker health impact costs, electric utility business costs, nuclear power industry costs, and litigation costs are also addressed. The newly developed offsite economic consequence models estimate the costs of post-accident population protective measures and public health impacts. The costs of population evacuation and temporary relocation, agricultural product disposal, land and property decontamination, and land interdiction are included in the economic models for population protective measures. Costs of health impacts and medical care costs are also included in the models. The newly developed economic consequence models are applied in an example to estimate the economic risks from operation of the Surry #2 plant. The analyses indicate that economic risks from LWR operation, in contrast %;o public health risks, are dominated by relatively high-frequency forced outage events. The implications of this conclusion for U.S. nuclear power plant operation and regulation are discussed. The sensitivities and uncertainties in economic risk estimates are also addressed.

Economic risks of nuclear power reactor accidents

The macro-economic case for using labour-based, as opposed to equipment-intensive technology in the infrastructure and construction sectors, has been made in many developing countries on the grounds of lower unit costs, increased employment generation, higher contribution to GDP, higher multiplier effects, higher levels of household income and consumption, reduced foreign exchange requirements and hence, reduced import dependency. These conclusions apply to countries characterized by surplus labour, low wages and a weak local industrial capacity to produce tools and equipment. The ILO commissioned a study to investigate whether the macro-economic outcomes of labour-based versus equipment-based construction would still favour the labour-based option in South Africa, where higher wages and an established domestic industry producing equipment create a different situation. The study makes an important contribution to the debate on the macro-economic potential of labour-based investment technology not only in South Africa, but also more generally in the context of global efforts to foster employment-intensive growth - where economically cost effective and technically feasible - with a view to combatting poverty and reducing inequalities.

methods

The economic value of incremental employment in the South African construction sector

International negotiations of reducing CO2 emissions address the question of how to account annual CO2 emissions of each sector of one city. The aim of this study is to establish the CO2 inventories focused on the supply chain emissions of CO2 emissions form each sector, e.g. agriculture, industry, transportation and tertiary industry. And to categorize upstream emission sources to identify the significant sectors that contribute the most to climate change. Moreover, IO-LCA method is chosen to evaluate the upstream carbon footprint and carbon dioxide emissions intensity of 28 economic sectors of Chongqing from 2002 to 2007. CO2 emissions the top-3 of which includes Transportation Equipment, Smelting and Pressing of Metals, Electricity, Steam Production and Supply, and CO2 emissions density the top-3 of which includes Coal Mining and Dressing, Nonmetal Minerals Mining and Dressing, Petroleum, Coking and Nuclear Fuel Processing.

Input-Output Economics

Citations

Multistage reverse logistics of assembly systems in extended MRP Theory consisting of all material flows

Energy per Dollar Value of Consumer Goods and Services

Economic risks of nuclear power reactor accidents

The economic value of incremental employment in the South African construction sector

An Input-output Model to Analyze Sector Linkages and CO2 Emissions

Related Papers (5)

Introduction to input-output economics

Input-output and regional economics

Input-Output Analysis and Contemporary Economics

The use of input-output analysis in planning

Input-Output