This study focuses on the non-behavioural factors behind the shipment of rubber by individual smallholdei-s in Selangor, Malaysia in 197 5, It reviews corraT.odity flow studies in geography to reveal the reasons for the particular emphasis on individual rubber smallholders. An examination is then made of tlie literature on rubber smallholders to isolate the main issues affecting the shipment of rubber — rubber replanting, farm fragm.entation, processing and smallholderdealer interaction. As it was not possible to tackle these issues throughout Selangor a sample of smallholders was taken, The method of sampling is described before examining each of the four key issues in turn. In studying rubber replanting attention is concentrated on non-replanters, in farm fragmentation on dual operators, in processing on government sponsored initiatives such as group processing centres and central processing factories, and in smallholder-dealer interaction on the access of government dealers. These studies are drawn together in a conclusion which reviews the varying impact of these factors on the nature and direction of flows, the felt need for comparative studies of rubber and nonrubber smallholders and the relevance of this study to the analysis of commodity flows.

Input-Output Economics

Factors behind smallholder rubber flows in Selangor, Malaysia

The Impact of Low-Cost Airlines

Information-based Network Environ Analysis for Ecological Risk Assessment of heavy metals in soils

The importance of addressing cumulative environmental impact of large development projects on rivers has been increasingly highlighted. Consideration to potential impact pathways may be difficult, however, without appropriate analytical methods. By introducing ecological network model, this paper focuses on the quantification of the cause-effect relationships inherent the cumulative effects of dam construction from a holistic perspective. With Lancang river of Longitudinal Range-Gorge Region (LRGR) as an example, the risk-based interaction instead of the conventional energy or material flow of ecological network model has been created to conceptualize the cumulative effects network model. Based on this model, the network structural and functional analysis were adjusted for the assessment of potential eco-environmental impact within the ecosystem, thus demonstrating how the risk-based ecological network analysis can be used to characterize the holistic cumulative effects of dams on the temporal and spatial scale.

background

http://www.iemss.org/iemss2010/papers/W17/W.17.01.The%20cumulative%20effects%20of%20dam%20project%20on%20river%20ecosystem%20based%20on%20multiscale%20ecological%20network%20analysis%20-%20SHAOQING%20CHEN.pdf

The cumulative effects of dam project on river ecosystem based on multi-scale ecological network analysis

Parcel by parcel, urban/suburban development is one of the most active converters of land in the Hudson River Valley in New York State. We are taking an integrative approach to understanding the drivers of and responses to urbanization, by studying how economy drives land use change and how that, in turn, affects downstream indicators of ecosystem state. The ultimate goal of the project is to provide a tool for policymakers, illustrating consequences of different development strategies. In this paper, we discuss synoptic ecological assessments of two major Hudson River tributaries in Dutchess County, the Wappinger Creek and Fishkill Creek watersheds. Physical, chemical, geographic, and biotic indices are compiled, creating a multivariate data set. These data, when set into a geographic information database, provide a spatial response to land use. Application of a regionally calibrated index of biotic integrity showed little relationship to urbaniza- tion, although some component metrics indicated a response. Chemical or biogeochemical indica- tors were more reflective of urbanization gradients. A hierarchy of responses, beginning with physicochemical and moving up to fish assemblages, reflected decreasing responses to urbanization. However, fish densities and the stable isotopic ratios of nitrogen determined in a sentinel species (eastern blacknose dace Rhinichthys atratulus) were significantly affected by urbanization. Longitudi- nal gradients of elevation were identified as strong drivers of development, potentially confounding relationships of land-use attributes and ecological responses.

/pdf/urbanization-consequences-case-studies-in-the-hudson-river-4jw02clkpl.pdf

Input-Output Economics

Citations

Factors behind smallholder rubber flows in Selangor, Malaysia

The Impact of Low-Cost Airlines

Information-based Network Environ Analysis for Ecological Risk Assessment of heavy metals in soils

The cumulative effects of dam project on river ecosystem based on multi-scale ecological network analysis

Urbanization Consequences: Case Studies in the Hudson River Watershed

Related Papers (5)

Introduction to input-output economics

Input-output and regional economics

Input-Output Analysis and Contemporary Economics

The use of input-output analysis in planning

Input-Output