Introduction to parasitology , Introduction to parasitology , مرکز فناوری اطلاعات و اطلاع رسانی کشاورزی

Parasitism is a very common way of life, and probably the prevalent means of obtaining food among organisms. Adaptive radiation among parasites has been extensive, and yet ecological and evolutionary concepts on parasitism are poorly developed. Although Elton (1927) devoted a chapter in his pioneering ecology book to parasitism his conclusion was that the resemblances between predators and parasites are more important than the differences. This attitude is now prevalent in ecology texts (e.g. Andrewartha and Birch, 1954; Odum, 1971; Krebs, 1972; Colinvaux, 1973), and although much attention is devoted to predation, parasitism is almost ignored. Therefore, by using the inductive process, this paper attempts a synthesis of ecology and parasitology, the need for which has been recognized by Kennedy (1975), and it explores the evolutionary implications of parasite ecology. This synthesis should contribute to an understanding of parasites in three ways. First, a reevaluation of the abundance of parasitic species is made. Arndt (1940) estimated that 25% of animals in Germany are parasitic on others. Rothschild and Clay (1952) stated that parasitic animals probably exceed nonparasitic species in number of species and individuals, but provided little numerical support. A careful quantitative evaluation by Askew (1971) provided an estimate that 15% of insects, and 10% of all animal species are parasitic insects. Calculations presented in this paper indicate that well over 50% of the species of organisms extant today are parasitic. Second, general concepts on the ecology and evolution of parasites are presented, being derived from a combination of population biology, evolutionary theory and parasite biology. Third, predictions derived from the general concepts act as a guide to critical characteristics of parasite biology which need to be examined and tested in natural populations.

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Introduction to parasitology

General concepts on the evolutionary biology of parasites.

Caryophyllidea (Cestoidea): a review.

Eggs of Enterobius vermicularis (human pinworm) were found in hum coprolites from Hopug and Danger Caves, western Utah. The Caves were inhabitated by man from 10,000 B.C. to A.D. 1400. The oldest coprolite containing dated at 7837 B.C. This represents the earliest known association between man abd this exclusively human parasite.

https://science.sciencemag.org/content/sci/166/3913/1620.full.pdf

Enterobius vermicularis: 10,000-year-old human infection.

Examination of ova and parasites from coprolites of probable human origin revealed eggs of the phylum Acanthocephala. Specimens were gathered from Danger Cave in Utah, an area heavily populatd with definitive rodent hosts for the Acanthocephala species Moniliformis clarki. It is postulated that prehistoric man developed Acanthocephala infection by ingesting the arthropod intermediate host, or that he was a victim of false parasitism by ingesting the whole rodent.

http://science.sciencemag.org/content/sci/163/3873/1324.full.pdf

Introduction to parasitology

Citations

General concepts on the evolutionary biology of parasites.

Caryophyllidea (Cestoidea): a review.

Enterobius vermicularis: 10,000-year-old human infection.

Thomy-Headed Worm Infection in North American Prehistoric Man

NMR studies of malaria. 31P nuclear magnetic resonance of blood from mice infected with Plasmodium berghei.