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Journal ArticleDOI

LIII. The propagation of very low frequency radio waves to great distances

K.G. Budden
- 01 May 1953 - 
- Vol. 44, Iss: 352, pp 504-513
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TLDR
In this paper, it was shown that the measurements can be explained in terms of the four least attenuated wave-guide modes, and that the height of the boundary is 69·1±0·5 km.
Abstract
Summary In discussing the propagation of very low frequency radio waves to great distances, it is convenient to treat the space between the earth and the ionosphere as a wave-guide. This treatment is applied to some experimental measurements made by Dr. Weekes on signals of frequency 16 kc/s, over a range of distances from 340 km to 3640 km from the sender. It is shown that the measurements can be explained in terms of the four least attenuated wave-guide modes. If the earth's magnetic field is neglected, and the ionosphere is assumed to be a sharply bounded homogeneous, ionized medium, then it is shown that the height of the boundary is 69·1±0·5 km.

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Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI

ELF and VLF radio waves

TL;DR: A review of developments in ELF and VLF radio-wave propagation research over the last 50 years of the Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics can be found in this paper.
Journal ArticleDOI

ELF waves in the presence of exponential ionospheric conductivity profiles

TL;DR: In this paper, the surface impedance of an isotropic nonhomogeneous ionosphere is calculated at an altitude h where the local refractive index n does not necessarily satisfy |n|\gg1.
Journal ArticleDOI

The Numerical Solution of the Differential Equations Governing the Reflexion of Long Radio Waves from the Ionosphere. II

TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present a series of curves which are the results of some calculations of the reflecting properties of various models of the ionosphere for radio waves of frequency 16 kc/s.
Journal ArticleDOI

Very‐Low‐frequency phase observations of solar flare ionization in the D region of the ionosphere

TL;DR: In this paper, sudden phase anomalies produced by solar flares have been observed simultaneously on several long VLF propagation paths and the observations showed that during a solar flare the magnitude of the mean change of reflection height Δh on each sunlit path can apparently be related to the mean of log sec χ along the path, where χ is the solar zenith angle.
References
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Journal ArticleDOI

The Diffraction of Electric Waves by the Earth

Abstract: During the last 15 years, the problem of determining the effect at a distant point of the earth’s surface due to a Hertzian oscillator emitting waves of a definite frequency has been the subject of numerous theoretical investigations. When certain assumptions of a physical character have been made, the problem is of a definitely mathematical type; it is in fact reduced to the problem of finding an approximate formula for the sum of a certain complicated seines of an oscillatory nature; we shall summarise the principal methods which have been devised for dealing with this series.
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I. The propagation of a radio-atmospheric

TL;DR: In this paper, the authors have discussed the propagation of radio-atmospherics by assuming that the space between the earth's surface and the ionosphere behaves like a wave-guide.
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XII. The waveforms of atmospherics and the propagation of very low frequency radio waves

TL;DR: In this article, the responses of narrow-band receivers to individual radio atmospherics have been observed in order to describe the propagation of radio waves of frequency 2 kc/s. over the surface of the earth.
Journal ArticleDOI

Further investigations of very long waves reflected from the ionosphere

TL;DR: In this paper, the interference pattern produced at the ground by the superposition of the ground wave and the downcoming wave was investigated over a range of distances from 65 to 145 km from the sender in a fine running east from Rugby.
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CXII. The use of atmospherics to study the propagation of very long radio waves

TL;DR: In this paper, the authors analyzed the spectral distribution of energy at the source and showed that the most significant effect is seen to be a marked attenuation of waves of frequency below 10 kc/s when travelling over distances of 1000 km.