The Reduction of the Possible to the Real. Modern philosophy cannot avoid dealing with possible worlds — neither in the field of intensional logic nor in other fields not directly connected with logical investigations. This paper attempts to develop a method to substitute possible worlds by the real world, referring to the works of Stig Kanger and Nino B. Cocchiarella. This is done by investigating the metaphorical and dynamical functions of natural languages. It is proved that this new technique is adequate for use in the semantics of intensional languages. As an example a language is constructed, which is based on the aristotelian view of universal concepts.

Logics and languages

Die Zurückführung des Möglichen auf das Wirkliche

No artigo Understanding as immersion R. M. Sainsbury apresenta alguns argumentos contra a tese de que os seres humanos possuem capacidades cognitivas que possam ser satisfatoriamente caracterizadas como conhecimento tacito de uma linguagem natural. Ou melhor, Sainsbury nega que exista algum criterio nao convencional que permita definir a relacao entre os falantes e o sistema abstrato de regras que caracteriza sua lingua materna. Segundo Sainsbury, o processo de imersao em uma comunidade linguistica fornece todas as condicoes, necessarias e suficientes, para explicar o tipo de relacao existente entre um falante individual e o sistema de regras de uma lingua natural. Nesta comunicacao visamos discutir os argumentos apresentados por Sainsbury e buscaremos mostrar que eles nao estabelecem a tese da imersao linguistica. Sugerimos que, embora nao seja plausivel definir o conhecimento linguistico como uma relacao proposicional (i.e. uma relacao entre falante e entidades abstratas que independem dos falantes), nao se segue que nao exista conhecimento da linguagem natural. Argumentamos que esse conhecimento pode ser definido, grosso modo, como uma propriedade, ou melhor, como conhecimento disposicional dos padroes de processamento de inputs linguisticos. Por fim, salientamos a importância do emprego de uma metalinguagem tecnica para representar os fenomenos presentes no processamento linguistico.

/pdf/sainsbury-e-a-tese-da-imersao-linguistica-1fp8im9ppv.pdf

Sainsbury e a tese da imersão lingüística

The study aims to examine the effect of geopolitical risks on macroeconomic variables in Turkey using monthly data for the period from 1994 January to 2022 April. The global index calculated by Caldara and Iacoviello (2022) was used as an indicator of geopolitical risk. The industrial production index, inflation rate and real effective exchange rate were used as macroeconomic indicators. The relationships between the variables were researched with the frequency domain causality test developed by Breitung and Candelon (2009). The results of the analysis show that the inflation rate and the real effective exchange rate are affected by geopolitical risks in the medium and long term.

/pdf/the-impact-of-geopolitics-risks-on-macroeconomic-indicators-1wmb8xul.pdf

The Impact of Geopolitics Risks on Macroeconomic Indicators: Evidence from Turkey

On Language Communication. A Formal-Logical Approach

Opinions have degrees of epistemic “value”, measured in the framework of a given culture. These degrees do not necessarily coincide with degrees of momentary actuality in the society and in the cultural environment. Parameters of social-cultural evaluation vary with time gaining and/or losing actuality. They even depend on whether those who pronounce these opinions are acquainted with those whom these opinions are ascribed to or with “certified” authors of the ideas. This social dimension of opin-ion evaluation may be manipulatively used in mass media so that even openly fake news and fake ‘truths’ are taken for granted by addressees.

Two approaches are extensively discussed in the literature on such “quotational” view of language use: the “semantic” approach and the “formal” approach. The for-mer takes the content of propositions not to depend on the sentence forms presented to the audience. For the second approach, the propositions taken as ideas wholly de-pend on the form of presentation, even on syntactical details of formal realizations of ideas in discourse, being socially adapted to the cultural environment. This view im-plies that evaluation of ideas depends even on “syntactic vagaries” of a given lan-guage, such as Russian or English additionally to the ways they present propositions and propositional attitudes in formal logical systems.

/pdf/on-eternal-value-of-ideas-in-their-momentary-actuality-1ey4enh4e7.pdf

Logics and languages

Citations

Die Zurückführung des Möglichen auf das Wirkliche

Sainsbury e a tese da imersão lingüística

The Impact of Geopolitics Risks on Macroeconomic Indicators: Evidence from Turkey

On Language Communication. A Formal-Logical Approach

On Eternal Value of Ideas in Their Momentary Actuality

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