Epistemic modals are devices of marking the epistemic possibility/necessity of an underlying proposition. For example, an utterance of ‘It might be raining now in Sydney’ is true just in case the proposition that it is raining in Sydney at the utterance time is possible in view of what is known in the relevant epistemic situation—or so the standard truth-conditional approach to epistemic modals suggests. According to relativists about epistemic modals, the epistemic situation that is relevant to the truth-valuation of a given epistemic modal statement may vary with occasions of its assessment. I aim to show that the standard relativist account of epistemic modals is wrong, not only in letter but also in spirit. Furthermore, it is suggested that a puzzle which has been invoked in support of relativism about epistemic modals can be dissolved in non-relativist terms.

Logics and languages

Epistemic Modals and Correct Disagreement

Estudos de cunho estritamente teorico, apresentam a Logica Paraconsistente como uma boa solucao para fazer tratamento de situacoes reais, onde a Logica Classica, por ser binaria, se mostra ineficaz ou impossibilitada de ser aplicada. Estas situacoes como, as de indefinicoes, as de ambiguidades e principalmente as de inconsistencias, aparecem e sao descritas no mundo real com muita frequencia. Neste trabalho e apresentado um metodo inovador que permite a Logica Paraconsistente sair de um campo estritamente teorico para uma aplicacao simples, pratica e direta, permitindo-se que Sistemas de Controle possam efetuar tratamento de situacoes nao cobertas pela Logica Classica e assim conquistando um avanco significativo na forma de dar tratamento a sinais contraditorios. 
Os resultados dos estudos apresentados neste trabalho sao baseados numa classe de logica Nao-Classica denominada de Logica Paraconsistente Anotada de anotacao com dois valores-LPA2v. A analise de sinais utilizando a LP A2v permite que varios problemas ocasionados por situacoes contraditorias e paracompletas possam ser tratados de uma maneira proxima da realidade, atraves da consideracao de evidencias. Este metodo de interpretacao traz relevantes resultados que culminaram na construcao do algoritmo denominado "Para-Analisador". O algoritmo pode ser implementado por software, em linguagem de computacao convencional, e proporciona a aplicacao da Logica Paraconsistente em Sistemas de Controle de Inteligencia Artificial, Automacao e Robotica. Com base na descricao do Algoritrno Para-Analisador e projetado um Sistema de Controle denominado de Controlador Logico Paraconsistente-Para-Control capaz de fazer tratamento de sinais contraditorios conforme as bases teoricas da Logica Paraconsistente. 
Os metodos de aplicacao da LP A2v apresentados podem ser aplicados por meio de Software ou Hardware em diversas areas como: Sistemas Especialistas, Redes Neurais, Robotica e Inteligencia Artificial.

Métodos de aplicações da lógica paraconsistente anotada de anotação com dois valores-LPA2v com construção de algoritmo e implementação de circuitos eletrônicos

It is argued that the problem of protection, of controlling mutual access rights to shared resources, is a topic appropriately treated as a major component of general systems theory. Although most widely studied and developed in the context of computer systems, protection modelsare equally applicable to biological systems, such as those involved in movement control. The paper first establishes the nature of the problem of protection in computer systems, noting that it only reaches its full potential complexity in large data-base systems with processes automatically invoked by “data interrupts”. The Graham and Denning model of protection and the concept of a “capability” are then described and the appropriate mathematical tools for the analysis of such models discussed. A detailed model of protection is then developed with examples of the role of algebraic, automata-theoretic, topological and modai/mutti-valued logical, techniques in its analysis. Finally, biological applications, general systems ...

https://pages.cpsc.ucalgary.ca/~gaines/reports/COMP/PGSP76/PGSP76.pdf

Protection as a general systems problem

We propose in the paper a new solution to the so-called Logical Omniscience Problem of epistemic logic. Almost all attempts in the literature to solve this problem consist in weakening the standard epistemic systems: weaker sytems are considered where the agents do not possess the full reasoning capacities of an ideal reasoner. We shall argue that this solution is not satisfactory: in this way omniscience can be avoided, but many intuitions about the concepts of knowledge and belief get lost. We shall show that axioms for epistemic logics must have the following form: if the agent knows all premises of a valid inference rule, and if she thinks hard enough, then she will know the conclusion. To formalize such an idea, we propose to “temporalize” epistemic logic, that is, to introduce a temporal component into the language. We develop a logic based on this idea and show that it is suitable for formalizing the notion of explicit belief.

Logical Omniscience vs. Logical Ignorance on a Dilemma of Epistemic Logic

An argument is developed at some length to show that any semantical theory which treats superficially nonperformative sentences as being governed by performative prefaces at some level of underlying structure must either leave those sentences semantically uninterpreted or assign them the wrong truth-conditions. Several possible escapes from this dilemma are examined; it is tentatively concluded that such hypotheses as the Ross-Lakoff-Sadock “Performative Analysis” should be rejected despite their attractions.

Logics and languages

Citations

Epistemic Modals and Correct Disagreement

Métodos de aplicações da lógica paraconsistente anotada de anotação com dois valores-LPA2v com construção de algoritmo e implementação de circuitos eletrônicos

Protection as a general systems problem

Logical Omniscience vs. Logical Ignorance on a Dilemma of Epistemic Logic

A performadox in truth-conditional semantics

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