Journal ArticleDOI
Norm theory: Comparing reality to its alternatives
Daniel Kahneman,Dale T. Miller +1 more
TLDR
In this article, a theory of norms and normality is presented and applied to some phenomena of emotional responses, social judgment, and conversations about causes, such as emotional response to events that have abnormal causes, the generation of predictions and inferences from observations of behavior and the role of norms in causal questions and answers.Abstract:
A theory of norms and normality is presented and applied to some phenomena of emotional responses, social judgment, and conversations about causes. Norms are assumed to be constructed ad hoc by recruiting specific representations. Category norms are derived by recruiting exemplars. Specific objects or events generate their own norms by retrieval of similar experiences stored in memory or by construction of counterfactual alternatives. The normality of a stimulus is evaluated by comparing it to the norms that it evokes after the fact, rather than to precomputed expectations. Norm theory is applied in analyses of the enhanced emotional response to events that have abnormal causes, of the generation of predictions and inferences from observations of behavior, and of the role of norms in causal questions and answers. This article is concerned with category norms that represent knowledge of concepts and with stimulus norms that govern comparative judgments and designate experiences as surprising. In the tradition of adaptation level theory (Appley, 1971; Helson, 1964), the concept of norm is applied to events that range in complexity from single visual displays to social interactions. We first propose a model of an activation process that produces norms, then explore the role of norms in social cognition. The central idea of the present treatment is that norms are computed after the event rather than in advance. We sketch a supplement to the generally accepted idea that events in the stream of experience are interpreted and evaluated by consulting precomputed schemas and frames of reference. The view developed here is that each stimulus selectively recruits its own alternatives (Garner, 1962, 1970) and is interpreted in a rich context of remembered and constructed representations of what it could have been, might have been, or should have been. Thus, each event brings its own frame of reference into being. We also explore the idea that knowledge of categories (e.g., "encounters with Jim") can be derived on-line by selectively evoking stored representations of discrete episodes and exemplars. The present model assumes that a number of representations can be recruited in parallel, by either a stimulus event or anread more
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
Cognitive Factors in Learning about Structured Sequences: Applications to Syntax
Thomas H. Carr,Tim Curran +1 more
TL;DR: The authors have developed a number of experimental techniques for studying how people learn about sequentially structured stimulus material and discuss the findings' relevance for understanding the mastery of syntax during second language learning.
Journal ArticleDOI
Goal pursuit and goal adjustment: Self-regulation and intentional self-development in changing developmental contexts ☆
TL;DR: In this article, a model of assimilative and accommodative processes is proposed for self-regulation and successful aging, paying particular attention to issues of depression, rumination, regret, compensation, and the emergence of self-transcendent orientations in later life.
Journal ArticleDOI
Cheating, emotions, and rationality: an experiment on tax evasion
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigate the relationship between emotions, deception, and rational decision-making by means of an experiment on tax evasion and show that the intensity of anticipated and anticipatory emotions before reporting positively correlates with both the decision to cheat and the proportion of evaded income.
Journal ArticleDOI
Designing Price Contracts for Boundedly Rational Customers: Does the Number of Blocks Matter?
Noah Lim,Teck-Hua Ho +1 more
TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigate the effect of increasing the number of blocks in a multiple-block price contract and find that increasing the amount of blocks from one to two increases channel efficiency but not the manufacturer's share of profits.
BookDOI
Intelligent decision support in process environments
TL;DR: This book deals with the basis for design of intelligent systems to support human decision-making in supervisory control, and provides a view of how human and artificial cognitive systems can interact.
References
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Prospect theory: an analysis of decision under risk
Daniel Kahneman,Amos Tversky +1 more
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present a critique of expected utility theory as a descriptive model of decision making under risk, and develop an alternative model, called prospect theory, in which value is assigned to gains and losses rather than to final assets and in which probabilities are replaced by decision weights.