In spread spectrum communication systems, it is required to use the spread sequences that have good correlation properties. Complete complementary code is a set of spread sequences, and has ideal auto- and cross-correlation properties. Some previous works have shown that it can be applied into wireless communication systems like approximately synchronized CDMA systems. The authors have proposed a digital watermarking scheme based on complete complementary codes and its extension to steganography. It has been shown that the proposed method has superiority to the watermarking scheme based on other spread spectrum sequences such as m-sequences and Gold sequences. In this paper, some other properties of the proposed method are shown through some numerical experiments using still color images. Discussions on the effects of collusion attacks and the extension to a blind watermarking are also included.

background or methods

On Properties of a Digital Watermarking Scheme Based on Complete Complementary Codes

On Some Properties of a Digital Watermarking Based on Complete Complementary Codes

Complete complementary code can be applied to digital watermarking technologies as well as communication systems like approximately synchronized CDMA because of its good correlation properties. In this paper, we propose a blind watermarking algorithm which does not need to refer any original data in the watermark extraction process. We also discuss the analogy between the proposed watermarking scheme and CT-CDMA communication systems based on complete complementary codes. In addition, some extensions of the proposed watermarking method and future problems are discussed in the paper.

A blind digital watermarking scheme based on complete complementary codes

Complete complementary code (CCC)-based digital watermarking proposed by Horii, Kojima, et. al. allows multiple watermarks to be embedded in a single image with complete orthogonally under relative shifts. The DCT embedding region size grows as the maximum number of interference-free watermarks increases. In previous methods, each CCC-based watermark was embedded as a cyclically shifted zero-inserted sequence. An alternative embedding method is proposed where the zeros are removed, leading to a significant reduction of the embedding region size without affecting the performance.

On Properties of a Digital Watermarking Scheme Based on Complete Complementary Codes

Citations

On Some Properties of a Digital Watermarking Based on Complete Complementary Codes

A blind digital watermarking scheme based on complete complementary codes

Complete complementary code-based digital watermarking with embedding region reduction

Related Papers (5)

Error correcting codes and their usage in steganography and watermarking

A Study of Digital-image Watermarking Technique Based on LDPC

Watermarking and QR Code in Digital Image Coding

A multi-bit digital watermarking algorithm with side information

A Recent Survey of DCT Based Digital Image Watermarking Theories and Techniques: A Review