Optimal Capacitor Allocation in Radial Distribution Systems under APDRP
11 Dec 2005-pp 614-618
TL;DR: In this paper, the optimal location and size of capacitors for a distribution system under APDRP (Accelerated Power Development Programme) is presented, where capacitors sizes are assumed as discrete known variables, which are to be placed on the buses such that it reduces the losses of the distribution system to a minimum.
Abstract: Optimum location and size of capacitors for a distribution system under APDRP (Accelerated Power Development Programme) is presented. In the present study capacitor sizes are assumed as discrete known variables, which are to be placed on the buses such that it reduces the losses of the distribution system to a minimum. Genetic algorithm is used as an optimization tool, which obtains the optimal values and location of capacitors and minimizes the objective function, which is the power loss in the distribution network under study. A dedicated distribution system load flow is used to calculate power loss and voltage profile of the distribution system. Implementation aspects and important results for a 33 bus, 29 Indian power distribution system and practical 34 bus system have been presented to highlight the working of the algorithm.
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TL;DR: In this paper, the problem of how to optimally determine the locations to install capacitors and the sizes of capacitors to be installed in the buses of radial distribution systems is addressed.
Abstract: The use of capacitors in power systems has many well-known benefits that include improvement of the system power factor, improvement of the system voltage profile, increasing the maximum flow through cables and transformers and reduction of losses due to the compensation of the reactive component of power flow. By decreasing the flow through cables, the systems’ loads can be increased without adding any new cables or overloading the existing cables. These benefits depend greatly on how capacitors are placed in the system. In this paper, the problem of how to optimally determine the locations to install capacitors and the sizes of capacitors to be installed in the buses of radial distribution systems is addressed. The proposed methodology uses loss sensitivity factors to identify the buses requiring compensation and then a discrete particle swarm optimization algorithm (PSO) is used to determine the sizes of the capacitors to be installed. The proposed algorithm deals directly with discrete nature of the design variables. The results obtained are superior to those reported in Prakash and Sydulu (2007).
66 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a new evolutionary technique named modified cultural algorithm (MCA) has been implemented for the reduction of real power loss by optimal capacitor allocation, which has provided promising results for 9-bus, 34-bus and 69-bus standard distribution systems.
Abstract: Summary
A new evolutionary technique named modified cultural algorithm (MCA) has been implemented for the reduction of real power loss by optimal capacitor allocation. This evolutionary algorithm has provided promising results for 9-bus, 34-bus, and 69-bus standard distribution systems dealing with the real power loss. It has been observed that situation and history knowledge influence the population space with the updating of belief space. Comparative study has been done to establish the effectiveness of MCA with other methods such as cultural algorithm, heuristic, fuzzy-logic, and hybrid methods. The real power loss has been observed to be reduced from 783.8 to 677.54 kW and from 221.5 to 160.9 kW for 9-bus and 34-bus distribution systems, respectively. It is also shown that MCA has outperformed cultural algorithm as well as real-coded genetic algorithm and particle swarm optimization for loss as well as cost reduction in 69-bus distribution system. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
47 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a dynamic model considering multi-period capacitor allocation problem of primary radial distribution system is proposed, which incorporates the load growth rate, load factor and cost of power and energy losses.
Abstract: In distribution systems, low power factor is a common problem due to inductive nature of the loads. To overcome this problem, generally capacitors are installed on distribution systems. In this paper, to maintain the voltage profile, a dynamic model considering multiperiod capacitor allocation problem of primary radial distribution system is proposed. The model incorporates the load growth rate, load factor and cost of power and energy losses. This multiperiod optimization problem is solved using a population based swarm method i.e. ACS for minimizing the total cost of the peak power losses and energy losses and cost of capacitor installation from base to horizon year (for the feasible options at each planning year) subject to constraints corresponding to upper and lower bounds of the voltage magnitude at each bus. The feasible set of options for optimal capacitor site and size placement in each single stage problem is obtained using particle swarm optimization To reduce the computational efforts in each stage, the candidate nodes for placing capacitors in distribution system are determined by calculating change in real power losses with respect to reactive power injection at the buses. The proposed approach has been implemented on 69-bus test system.
34 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the location issue is investigated through stability and sensitivity analyses, and the distributed generation rating, on the other hand, is formulated as a non-linear optimization problem subject to high nonlinear equality and inequality constraints.
Abstract: Integrating distributed generation into an electric power system has an overall positive impact on the system This impact can be enhanced via optimal distributed generation placement and sizing In this article, the location issue is investigated through stability and sensitivity analyses Distributed generation rating, on the other hand, is formulated as a non-linear optimization problem subject to high non-linear equality and inequality constraints Sizing the distributed generation optimally is performed using a modified sequential quadratic programming method The sequential quadratic programming is improved by incorporating the fast and flexible radial power flow routine, which was developed in an earlier work, to satisfy the power flow requirements The proposed equality constraints satisfaction approach drastically reduces computational time requirements This hybrid method is compared with conventional sequential quadratic programming, and the results are in favor of the proposed techniq
31 citations
Cites background from "Optimal Capacitor Allocation in Rad..."
...In an effort toward manifesting the seriousness of such losses, Azim and Swarup [36] reported that 23% of the total generated power in the Republic of India is lost in the form of losses in transmission and distribution....
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02 May 2010
TL;DR: The location issue is investigated through an All Possible Combinations (APC) search approach of the distribution network and the results favor the proposed technique to handle optimal single and multiple DG sizing.
Abstract: Integrating Distribution Generation sources (DGs) into an electric power system has an overall positive impact on the system. This impact can be enhanced via optimal DG placement and sizing. In this paper the location issue is investigated through an All Possible Combinations (APC) search approach of the distribution network. The DG rating, on the other hand, is formulated as a nonlinear optimization problem subject to highly nonlinear equality and inequality constraints. Sizing the DG optimally is performed using a conventional Sequential Quadratic Programming (SQP) method and a Fast SQP (FSQP) method. The FSQP is an improved version of the conventional SQP method that incorporates the Fast and Flexible Radial Power Flow (FFRPF) routine, which was developed by the authors in an earlier paper, to satisfy the power flow requirements. The results of this hybrid method are compared with those obtained using the conventional SQP technique, and the comparison results favor the proposed technique. This approach is designed to handle optimal single and multiple DG sizing. A 33-bus distribution network is used to investigate the performance of the proposed approach.
13 citations
Cites background from "Optimal Capacitor Allocation in Rad..."
...reported that 23% of the total generated power in the Republic of India is lost in the form of losses in transmission and distribution [4]....
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References
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TL;DR: In this article, the problem of capacitors placement on a radial distribution system is formulated and a solution algorithm is proposed, where the location, type, and size of the capacitors, voltage constraints, and load variations are considered.
Abstract: The problem of capacitor placement on a radial distribution system is formulated and a solution algorithm is proposed. The location, type, and size of capacitors, voltage constraints, and load variations are considered. The objective of capacitor placement is peak power and energy loss reduction, taking into account the cost of the capacitors. The problem is formulated as a mixed integer programming problem. The power flows in the system are explicitly represented, and the voltage constraints are incorporated. A solution method has been implemented that decomposes the problem into a master problem and a slave problem. The master problem is used to determine the location of the capacitors. The slave problem is used by the master problem to determine the type and size of the capacitors placed on the system. In solving the slave problem, and efficient phase I-phase II algorithm is used. >
1,832 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a new design methodology for determining the size, location, type and number of capacitors to be placed on a radial distribution system is presented to minimize the peak power losses and the energy losses in the distribution system considering the capacitor cost.
Abstract: In this paper, a new design methodology for determining the size, location, type and number of capacitors to be placed on a radial distribution system is presented. The objective is to minimize the peak power losses and the energy losses in the distribution system considering the capacitor cost. A sensitivity analysis based method is used to select the candidate locations for the capacitors. A new optimization method using a genetic algorithm is proposed to determine the optimal selection of capacitors. Test results have been presented along with the discussion of the algorithm. >
441 citations
"Optimal Capacitor Allocation in Rad..." refers methods in this paper
...Department of Electrical Engineering Indian Institute of Technology, Madras earlier approached differ from each other either in their problem formulation or problem solution methods employed [1]....
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TL;DR: In this paper, the Equal Area Criterion (EACC) was used to optimize the net savings associated with reduction of power and energy losses through shunt capacitor placement on primary distribution feeders.
Abstract: New generalized procedures are developed for optimizing the net savings associated with reduction of power and energy losses through shunt capacitor placement on primary distribution feeders. These procedures are applied to realistic problems to facilitate their immediate use by the electric utility distribution system designer. It is shown that a basic principle, called here "The Equal Area Criterion", offers significant computational and physical insight into numerous problems outside the bounds of studies previously reported and widely accepted in industry
377 citations
"Optimal Capacitor Allocation in Rad..." refers background in this paper
...In large distribution networks it is very difficult to predict the optimum size and location of capacitor which finally results not only in reducing losses but also improves the overall voltage profile [2]....
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01 May 1997
TL;DR: In this article, a heuristic search strategy is used to determine the optimum capacitor placement and ratings for distribution systems, where a small number of critical nodes, named sensitive nodes, are selected for installing capacitors that optimise the net savings while achieving a large overall loss reduction.
Abstract: Heuristic search strategies are used to determine the optimum capacitor placement and ratings for distribution systems. In the heuristic approach proposed a small number of critical nodes, named sensitive nodes, are selected for installing capacitors that optimise the net savings while achieving a large overall loss reduction. This method insures that voltage constraints are met. This heuristic approach is suitable for large distribution systems and can be useful in online implementation. The proposed approach is applied to a test system and the results are compared with other published techniques.
314 citations
Additional excerpts
...Fig. 7 .29BusDistribution System with capacitors....
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TL;DR: In this paper, a novel formulation of the general capacitor placement problem taking into consideration practical aspects of capacitors, the load constraints, and the operational constraints at different load levels is presented.
Abstract: A novel formulation of the general capacitor placement problem taking into consideration practical aspects of capacitors, the load constraints, and the operational constraints at different load levels is presented. This formulation is a combinatorial optimization problem with a nondifferentiable objective function. A solution methodology based on an optimization technique (simulated annealing) is proposed to determine the locations where capacitors are to be installed, the types and sizes of capacitors to be installed, and the control settings of these capacitors at different load levels. The solution methodology can offer the global optimal solution for the general capacitor placement problem. >
261 citations