Open AccessJournal Article
Penguin past: The current state of knowledge
TLDR
What the authors currently know about extinct penguins is summarized and indirectly suggests the most promising areas for further research.Abstract:
Penguins (Aves: Sphenisciformes) hold much interest for many people, includ− ing (but not limited to) scientists. According to results of molecular studies, penguin his− tory began in the Cretaceous, but the oldest bones assigned to these birds are Paleocene in age. The first fossil representative of Sphenisciformes formally described was Palae− eudyptes antarcticus, and this event took place 150 years ago. Since that time, several dozens of species have been erected, though not all of them have stood a test of time. The 21st century entered new dynamics into the paleontology of penguins, and (importantly) it concerned both the new material, and new theories. This paper summarizes what we currently know about extinct penguins and indirectly suggests the most promising areas for further research. Key wor ds: Southern Hemisphere, Aves, Sphenisciformes, evolution, fossil record.read more
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New fossil penguins (Aves, Sphenisciformes) from the Oligocene of New Zealand reveal the skeletal plan of stem penguins
TL;DR: New materials described here, along with re-study of previously described specimens, resolve several long-standing phylogenetic, biogeographic, and taxonomic issues stemming from the inadequate comparative material of several of the first-named fossil penguin species.
Journal ArticleDOI
Vicars, tramps and assembly of the New Zealand avifauna: a review of molecular phylogenetic evidence
TL;DR: The New Zealand avifauna is neither isolated nor stable, but demonstrative of prolonged and ongoing colonization, speciation and extinction.
Journal ArticleDOI
Multiple cenozoic invasions of Africa by penguins (Aves, Sphenisciformes)
TL;DR: Phylogenetic analyses and biogeographic reconstructions incorporating new fossil material indicate that, contrary to previous hypotheses, the four Early Pliocene African penguin species do not represent an endemic radiation or direct ancestors of the living Spheniscus demersus (blackfooted penguin).
Journal ArticleDOI
First articulated skeleton of Palaeeudyptes gunnari from the late Eocene of Isla Marambio (Seymour Island), Antarctica
TL;DR: The first articulated skeleton of a penguin from the late Eocene of Antarctica is described in this article, which is the first known skeleton with sure specific assignment to Palaeeudyptes gunnari.
Journal ArticleDOI
Aspects of diversity in early Antarctic penguins
Piotr Jadwiszczak,Thomas Mörs +1 more
TL;DR: It is suggested that Antarctic species of Anthropornis and Palaeeudyptes, so-called giant penguins, may in fact comprise only one species each instead of two, based on evidence of well-marked sexual dimorphism.
References
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Book
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TL;DR: Family Thraupidae (Tanagers), Family Cardinalidae (Cardinals), Family Emberizidae (Buntings and New World Sparrows), Family Icteridae (New World Blackbirds).
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Phylogeny and classification of birds: a study in molecular evolution
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Journal ArticleDOI
Higher-order phylogeny of modern birds (Theropoda, Aves: Neornithes) based on comparative anatomy. II. Analysis and discussion
TL;DR: A phylogenetic (cladistic) analysis of 150 taxa of Neornithes, including exemplars from all non-passeriform families, and subordinal representatives of Passeriformes, confirmed the topology among outgroup Theropoda and achieved robust resolution at virtually all levels of the NeornIthes.
Journal ArticleDOI
Toward a Phylogenetic Classification of the Recent Birds of the World (Class Aves)
TL;DR: It is proposed that avian classifications should express the content of natural groups, that is, taxa that are the authors' best estimates of genealogically related groups of species, because genealogical relationships are hierarchical in their logical structure.