Journal ArticleDOI
Runaway electrons in toroidal discharges
H. Knoepfel,Donald A. Spong +1 more
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Experimental and theoretical studies of runaway electrons in toroidal devices are reviewed in this article, with particular reference to tokamaks, and the complex phenomenology of runaway effects, which have been the subject of research for the past twenty years, is organized within the framework of a number of physical models.Abstract:
Experimental and theoretical studies of runaway electrons in toroidal devices are reviewed here, with particular reference to tokamaks. The complex phenomenology of runaway effects, which have been the subject of research for the past twenty years, is organized within the framework of a number of physical models. The mechanisms and rates for runaway production are discussed first, followed by sections on runaway-driven kinetic relaxation processes and runaway orbit confinement. Next, the equilibrium and stability of runaway-dominated discharges are reviewed. Models for runaway production at early times in the discharge and the scaling of runaway phenomena to larger devices are also discussed. Finally, detection techniques and possible applications of runaways are mentioned.read more
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
Critical Issues For Understanding Particle Acceleration in Impulsive Solar Flares
James A. Miller,Peter J. Cargill,A. Gordon Emslie,Gordon D. Holman,Brian R. Dennis,T. N. LaRosa,Robert Winglee,Stephen G. Benka,Saku Tsuneta +8 more
TL;DR: A review of the present status of existing models for particle acceleration during impulsive solar flares, was inspired by a week-long workshop held in the Fall of 1993 at NASA Goddard Space Flight Center as mentioned in this paper.
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Theory for avalanche of runaway electrons in tokamaks
M.N. Rosenbluth,S.V. Putvinski +1 more
TL;DR: In this paper, an analysis of runaway electron formation and its evolution during disruptions in large tokamaks, where avalanche phenomena play a crucial role, is presented, but sufficiently accurate, analytical model suitable for one dimensional (1-D) transport codes is proposed.
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Runaway breakdown and electric discharges in thunderstorms
TL;DR: In this paper, the theory of the avalanche multiplication of high-energy (0.1 − 10 MeV) electrons in a neutral material, a newly discovered phenomenon known as runaway breakdown (RB), is discussed.
Journal ArticleDOI
Soft-X-ray spectroscopic diagnostics of laboratory plasmas
C. De Michelis,M. Mattioli +1 more
TL;DR: In this article, the state-of-the-art in the knowledge of rate coefficients, cross-sections, transition probabilities, and ionization equilibrium calculations is reviewed, and a short discussion of X-ray plasma sources and instrumental problems is presented.
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Relativistic breakdown in planetary atmospheres
TL;DR: In this article, a new electrical breakdown mechanism involving the production of runaway avalanches by positive feedback from runaway positrons and energetic photons was introduced, which shall be referred to as "relativistic feedback", allowing runaway discharges in gases to become self-sustaining.
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Electron heat transport in a tokamak with destroyed magnetic surfaces
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Journal ArticleDOI
Bremsstrahlung Cross-Section Formulas and Related Data
H. W. Koch,J. W. Motz +1 more